IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


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Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiquos 


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D 

D 
D 

D 
D 

n 

n 

D 

D 

D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 

Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommag^e 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  resta'irde  et/ou  pellicul^e 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

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Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

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:ualit6  in^gale  de  I'impression 


I    ^    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
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□    Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Q 


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n 


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obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


lOX 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqud  ci-dessous. 

14X  18X  22X 


26X 


SOX 


V 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


] 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

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L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grace  d  la 
g6n6rosit6  df>: 

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The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
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Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  —*'  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (n  nj?  v^-""  "l:^'0"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
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beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet6  de  l'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim^e  sont  film6s  en  commengant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film6s  en  commenpant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  chaque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN  ". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  etre 
filmds  i  des  taux  de  reduction  diff^rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  etre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich6,  il  est  film6  d  partir 
de  Tangle  sup^rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  ^  droite, 
9t  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  norr.Lre 
d'images  n^cessaire.  Las  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m^thode. 


32X 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

r 


t 


DISCOVERY 


OF     11  IK 


*'    ORIGIN  OF  THE  NAME  OF  AMERICA 


I!Y 


THOMAS    DE   St.   BRIS. 


Entered  riccording  to  Act  of  Consress,  in  the  yuar  i388,  by  Thomas  livRNE.in  the  Office 
ot  the  1.1b: arum- ot  Congress,  at  Washington.     Right  of  Translation  reserved. 


Comiinoucations  to  fhe  PuMishers  should  be  adifrcsscd: 
"Origin  of  the  Xaiiu-  o/  America,"  Vox  .\o.  iSj2,  AViy  York  City. 


-»—♦—♦- 


NEW  YORK. 


1888. 


1 

1 

Ck 

V 

A 


INTFODUCTION. 


rr\H.E  object  of  this  abridged  popular  edition  is  to 
-J-  present  in  a  brief,  clear,  and  simple  style  our 
discovery  of  the  origin  of  the  name  of  America, 
which  came  as  unexpectedly  as  that  of  Columbus'; 
while  we  were  collecting  from  the  old  works  of  the 
Spanish  historians,  the  customs  and  histoi-ies  of  the 
Americans— called  Indians  by  mistake— in  order  to 
show  their  connection  with  Egypt,  of  which  a  pre- 
liminary sketch  was  published  in  ]8S2. 

We  have  attached  a  map  to  be  kept  in  view  while 
reading;  so  that  a  i)erfect  idea  may  be  obtained  of 
the  places  named  by  Columbus,  and  of  the  geog- 
raphy of  the  age  when  America  was  discovered. 

Asia  is  placed  in  the  position  given  to  it  by  the 

first  standard  map  of  the  world  on  which  the  West- 

^ern  iiemisphere  appeared  ;i  and  the  Atlantic  coast- 

Vepresonting  the  early  discoveries  and  settlements  on 

7  this  Continent-  is  taken  from  the  first  atlas'^  where 

^,  the  name  of  America  is  applied  to  its  southern  divis- 

-■N;^ Jon,   to   which  we  have  added  the  information  ob- 

^^   tained  from  a  local  chart'  showing  the  coast  of  Am- 

^'^^^-^"ii^km^gdom^of^Cundin^iaraca,  while 

'  Ptolemy  Atlas  1508.        =  U^^v^^^^^^,,,  ,,n.        ^^^i,  AtluV Venezuela.   ' 


■*  INTRODUCriON. 

tho  cities  on  the  Pacific  coast  rcpiesont  tho  extent 
of  tho  kingdom  of  Amaraca  at  tho  Doiiod  of  its  con- 
quest by  Spain.     Instead  of  referring  to  the  numer- 
ous Spanisli   authors   wliich  we  have  consulted  in 
order   to    show   the   importance  of  this   Empire— 
which  only  boars  indirectly  on  our  subject-  we  have 
referred   our  readers   to  a  most  intei-esting  work; 
where  these  scattered   histories  may  be   found  col- 
lected.    We  speak  of  the  well-known  "Prescott's 
History  of  the  Conquest  of  Peru  "-a  great  nation; 
of  which  our  notes  only  give  a  passing  outline. 

We  use  the  word  Kiug  in  its  general  sense, 
nistead  of  tho  native  name  of  Inca,  whic;h  has  a 
similar  meaning;  preferring  to  exclude  foreign 
worus-which  tend  to  mystify  history-when  an 
idea  can  be  conveyed  in  our  own. 

The  Kings  of  Amaraca  or  America;  like  the 
Kings  of  Kngland,  Japan,  (the  Mikado)  Turkey,  (the 
Sultan)  and  Persia,  (the  Shah)  were  the  temi)0]'al 
and  spiritual  chiefs  of  their  dominions.  Nearly  all 
the  woiks  we  have  examined  are  to  be  found  at  tlie 
Astor  Library,  which-with  a  valuable  number  of 
the  Ameri(vm  Geographical  Society's  maps  and 
atlases— have  been  the  principal  ineans  of  throwing 
Hght  on  this  subject  of  national  interest. 


I 
i 


I 


The  following  are  the  principal  authorities  which 
have  been  consulted  in  this  work  : 

Adam,  Ktudes  sur  six  laiiHUOs  Ann'iicninos. 
Anioriciin  Ency('l()i)o<lia. 
Bordc,  Ilistoiro  do  Pile  do  Trinidad. 
IJrinton,  Myths  of  tlio  New  World. 
Balboa,  llistoiri'  dii  1'im\)ii. 

Brassour  de  BonrhourK,  Graiiiiimtica  do  la  langue  Quiclu'. 
Binndclli,  Glossaruiii  .\zto(;o.Liitinniii  vt  Latino..\zticnin. 
Bandiiii,  "  Vila  o  lottcicdi  N'tsimcci  .t,'eiitihiiimo  rinventino. 
Bra.sseurde  Boiirbourg,  "Histoire  des  nations  oivilis.'os  dn  Mox- 
iqiio. 

J5rasseur  do  Bourbourg.  "  Popol  Vuh,  Lo  livr-j  .sacre  et  les  mytlies 
de  rantifjuilt'. 

BtH'ton's  rnivtv-ial  Bi  iRi-apliy. 

C'aroclii,  CoiM].cndio  del  art,,  d,.  la  lenKua  Mexicana. 
Cancelliori,     Dissortazioui     opistol    c     bibliografiche    Sopra    C. 
Colombo. 

<'odaz.^i.  Atlas  of  Venezuela. 

Caulin  El  padre,  Cora-f,'raphica  de  la  nnovo  Andalusia. 
Charnay  Desire,  Cites  ot  ruiiies  Aiuerinaines. 

Del   Canto,   Arto  y  Vocabulaiio   en  la  lengua  general   del  Bern 
llnniada  Quieha,  1G14. 

Daly  Cesar,  lU'v^o  <^'enerale  de  I'arcbitectnre. 

Encyclopedia  Britanuica 

Estevan,  Arto  del.i  lengua  general  del  Ynga  llaniada  Quechhua, 

Enciso,  M.  F.,  Sunia  de  geograpliia,  etc. 

Fernandez,  Histciro  del  Perou. 

Febres,  A.,  Arte  y  lengua  general  del  lleyno  de  Chile,  1775. 

Gareilasso  de  la  Vega,  Coniinentaries  and  La  Florida  d.d  Inca. 

Gomara  Francisco,  Historia  de  la  Con(pusta. 

Guinilla  .b)se,  El  Orenoco— 17^.5. 

Harrisse,  L-.s  Cortoreal,  Becueil  de  voyages,  etc. 

Herrera,  Historia  general  delas  Indias,'  etc. 

lEumboldt,  Histoire  dii  Perou,  and  Relations  historiques. 


I 


6 


Al  ■rilOh'iT/ES. 


irol«nin   Arfo  y  vocal.nlario  .lo  In  l,.„g„,  q,,;,!,,, 

Hu.Ttn,  Art,.  ,1,,.  lu  l.r.^-.ut  (IWxAuu 

Irving,  WashinKtoii,  Life.,fCnluniI,uH. 

-T'linanl,  F.doimn].-  [•'laiicoiH,  Cm-tes 

K^^hnanu.  Atlas  /ur  .■n..l.-olu.nu.;.«os,.1,i<.,,to  AnuTikan  * 

Kohl   D.0  beMon  .itl.st.n  K^ueral-kartea  von  Anu-rika  • 

LaH  Tasnn,  IliHtoria.  "« '"ux. 

lifon  Cic/ca  do  Cn.nica  a])  Haklnyt. 

La  Hontnin,  Now  Vdyag-VH  of  Amcrieiv. 

L«'lew(.l,  CJ('ograi)hio  du  Jr,,v<.ii  Ago 

Mun<./   J.  R,  liistoria  del  Xunvo  Mundo.  1703 

Malto-Brun,  (l.-n^.,-a,duc  univTH.-Ilo.  Lsil         ' 

Mor™t,.r  G.^rard,  Sj.lH-.ro  t-rrostro  et  spherL  celeste   1541  » 

Navurrete.  F.  D.,  Cul..,...i„„  ,io  Ins  ViuKes.  et.- 

urn  M.nnti  \ .     History  .,t  tlie  rnited  States 

OT,ed„  y  Ikr.os,  Hisfria  do  la  Cunqnista,  etc.,  \in 

Oviedo  y  Valdes.  IJisto.ia  Koneral  dc  las  India;         " 

I  res<.ott.  W,a.  H..  History  of  the  Conquest  of  Peru 

I  .edra In  a,  I    F    Ilisloria  general  do  la  nneva  r.yno  etc 

IVlli,  Difcsa  dc  Vesimcci. 

Rycant,  Sir  Paul,  The Koyal  Comnientarie.s 

c.,o..c,:;:::":,::'  '"■"  "■■■  '■'"""■"■° "-  -  c™.""^™,,,,,,  cc.  „„„  „.. 

«in,.m  rndre  Fray  P«,lr<..-r,i,„„.„  ,„„,,„  ,,,  ,„„  „„j 
St.|.L,.M   r„c,<lonl„  of  Travel,  in  C™,«1  Aui.ricu 
Sciuier,  I'ern. 

T,.rn.s  Diego,  Vooabulurin  de  la  longua  Quiehua   1745 
Ternaux  Cowpans.  Essui  s„r  Fancien  Cundin-A  1        ' 
A  Plasc'o,  Il.stonv  du  royaume  de  Quito 
^Vinsur,  Narrative  and  Critical  History  of  America  * 
Xinienies,  Las  Historias.  "^i^'ica. 

Zarate,  Conquista  del  Peru. 


Americnu  Geol.  Soc. 


DISCOVERY  OF  TIIK  ORIGIN 


111'  riiK 


IvTAME  OF  AMERICA. 


lo. 


lorn  bin. 
n.l  Ke- 
tc. 


WHAT  LED  TO  THE  DISCOVERY   OF  AilEKICA. 

Two  oinincnt  niorcliants  from  the  beautiful  city 
of  Venice,  Nicolo  and  Matteo  Polo  by  name.  explorc^T 
Turkey,  Russia,  and  India,  remaining  three  years  in 
Mongolia  to  learn  the  language  of  the  country;  with 
the  intention  of  extending  their  connnei-ce  in  the 
East. 

They  were  invited  to  accompany  some  ambas- 
sadors en  route  to  the  Grand  Khan,  who  happened 
to  be  passing  through  their  village  (1 201 ),  and  ar- 
riving safely  at  the  summer  residence,  he  gave  the 
Venetians  a  hospitable  reception;  being  exceedingly 
anxious  to  obtain  information  about  Euroi)e. 

The  Khan  appointed  them  his  envoys  to  the  Pope, 
with  a  i-equest  for  one  hundred  Europeans  to  become 
instructors  in  the  Mongolian  kingdom.  They  ar- 
rived at  Rome,  but  no  one  could  be  induced  to  go  v/ith 
them;  and,  returning  accompanied  by  a  nephew— 
the  afterwards  famous  Marco  Polo— were  royally  i-o- 
ceived  (1271);  more  esjiecially  the  young  visitor,  who 


8 


niSVOVENY  01'  THE  OK  HUN  (>/■  THE 


— rapidly  loarning  the  laii<;iiapjo  and  customs  of  tlio 
couiitiy  — was  s(3iit  as  envoy  to  nnincrouK  princes, 
aiid  heard  a  groat  deal  about  central  Asia. 

He  was  appointed  (lovernor  of  a  Mongolian 
town  (I'jsl),  and  subsefpicntly  as  ambassador  to 
soutliern  China;  acquii-ed  nmch  knowledge  about 
Jai)an  (Zipangu),  which  Columbus  was  destined  to 
sail  in  search  of  two  centuiies  later. 

Having  obtained  permission  to  join  the  escort  of 
a  ^Mongolian  piincess,  who  was  traveling  to  tiie 
Court  of  riMsia,  (h(!  three  Polos  left,  and  arriving  at 
Teheran,  stayed  there  until  hearing  of  the  Khan's 
death,  when  they  continued  their  journey,  and  re- 
turned to  Venice  (1'21>5) — with  iinich  wenhh  and 
many  ])recious  objects — ^wearing  Tartar  costumes, 
and  with  com]»lexions  and  manneis  so  totally  ori- 
ental, tluit  their  stupified  compatriots  stood  gazing 
at  beings  ap})arently  from  some  unknown  clime, 
while  they  completely  astonished  themselves  on  at- 
tempting to  speak  their  own  language,  after  an  ab- 
sence of  twenty-four  years.  No  one  could  be  found 
to  recognize  them,  and  to  overcome  this  difficulty; 
they  gave  a  magnificent  entertainment;  receiving 
their  guests  in  gorgt.'ous  oriental  dresses. 

Ketiring  to  prepare  for  dinner,  they  i-eturned  in 
robes  of  crimson  damask,  and  after  the  first  course, 
again  disappearing,  came  back  in  suits  of  crim- 
son velvet,  finally  withdrawing,  they  re-entered 
di'essedas  Venetians,  making  presents  of  their  Mou- 


4 


NAM!'.  OF  AMERICA. 


0 


piliaii  costumes.  Aflcr  diniicr,  Marco  Po]o  sliowcd 
tliriii  liis  coMrs(»  Tiirtar  travoliii^^  suit,  and  tlicu  cut- 
ting' it  open,  look  out  an  iiiinicnsci  luunborof  hoauti- 
ful  jewels.  Everyone  seemed  to  be  williuf;  to  believe 
Ibem  ii(»\v.  or  at  least  tried  to  do  so,  l)ut  tlieir  stories 
were  so  fabulous,  tbat  tbe  ukm-o  tbey  tbou^^lit  it 
over,  tbe  more  impossible  tbey  seemed  to  be. 

Some  years  afterwards,  Venice  was  at  war  witb 
Genoa,  and  tbe  illustrious  Marco  Polo -commanding 
bis  own  galley  in  tb.^  -leat  naval  engagement  wliicb 
ended  victoriously  lur  tbe  (Jenoese  republic— was 
among  tbe  ca])tives. 

In  piis(»ii  b(>  told  wonderful  stories  about  bis  voy- 
ages in  tbe  east,  soon  ac(piiring  a  i'ei)u<ation,  wbirb 
was  only  excelled  l)v  tbat  of    tbe  arcb-flend   bini- 
self  for  j)revarication,  and  would  bavc  been  s(  -erely 
l»uinslied  were  be  unable  to  point  to  tbe  wonderful 
tropbies  from  fabulous  lands.   Tbese  romances,  liow- 
ever,  as  tbe  people  tbougbt.  were  exceedingly  amus- 
ing; and  be  was  allowed  to  write  tbem.     Tins  de- 
scription of  bis  travels  and  tbe  magnificence  of  the 
oriental   nations-  ])ublisbed    in  Latin,  Frencb,  and 
Itaban,— were  read  to  tbe  amazement  of  tbe  entire 
world. 

In  tbese  days,  tbe  ait  of  printing  bad  not  been 
discovered,  and  it  was  only  to  the  favored  few,  tbat 
the  great  voyages  of  Marco  Polo  were  known;  none 
of  whom  believed  that  tbey  were  more  than  grossly 
exaggerated  dreams,  and  at  bis  death  (1323),  he  w^as 


1 


10 


DISCOVERY  OF  THE  ORIGIN  OF  THE 


imi)lo'-o(l  to  "retract  the  falsehoods  which  ho  had 
been  constantly  repeating  during  the  latter  years  of 
his  life  as  to  these  voyages,"  but  he  died  asserting 
that  nothing  which  he  had  related  was  exaggerated, 
and  the  good  people  of  that  age  were  dumbfounded. 

Such  impossible  stories  were  they;  and  yet  they 
asked,  would  he  lose  his  soul  for  all  eternity,  for  the 
pleasure  of  persisting  in  a  few  harmless  falsehoods  \ 

Those  who  only  saw  fables  in  them,  and  were 
charitably  disposed  ;  came  to  the  conclusion  that 
he  had  been  telling  them  so  long,  that  he  had 
eventually  convinced  himself,  while  astronomers 
tried  to  lead  the  answer  in  the  stars;  and  look- 
ing heavenwards  through  tiieir  telescopes  with  new 
ideas,  saw  the  vindication  of  the  great  traveler. 

Previousl}',  all  the  science  of  Astronomy  came 
from  tlie  Arabs,  who,  as  masters  of  Egypt,  had  capt- 
ured the  knowledge  of  that  country,  but,  Marco 
Polo  aroused  Europe,  and  from  the  date  of  his  dis- 
coveries; maybe  place!  the  origin  of  our  astronomy. 

It  was  nearly  two  centuries,  howev  jr,  before  the 
people  of  that  primitive  age  would  admit,  that  their 
beloved  great-grandfathers  were  entirely  wrong  in 
asking  him  to  withdraw  his  assertions. 

The  famous  Toscanelli  took  tiie  initiative,  and 
Christopher  Columbus  was  in  comnnniication  with 
him  as  to  the  possibility  of  sailing  by  the  west  to 
India.  Toscanelli  had  come  to  the  conclusion  that 
Marco  Polo's  fairy  land,  could  also  be  reached  by  sea, 


NAME  OF  AMERICA. 


11 


which    he  communicated  to   King    Alfonso  V,    of 
l*ortugal. 

In  his  letter  to  Columbus,  (1474)  this  celebrated 
astronomer  said,  "  I  praise  your  idea  to  navigate  to- 
wai-ds  the  west.  The  ex]iedition  you  wish  to  under- 
take is  not  easy;  but  the  route  from  the  west  coast 
of  Europe  to  the  spice  islands  is  certain,  if  the 
tracks  I  have  marked  out  be  followed."  He  also 
sent  a  map  projected  from  the  Ptolemy  atlas  then 
in  use,  and  the  history  of  Marco  Polo's  voyages. 

In  the  fifteenth  century,  the  Arabs  were  the  most 
celebrated  merchants  of  the  world.  They  had 
established  then^selves  at  various  cities  on  the  great 
road  from  Europe  to  India,  and  held  possession  of  it 
for  ages.  The  merchants  of  two  rival  republics- 
Genoa  on  the  Mediterranean  and  Venice  on  the 
^Ulriatic-sent  their  ships  to  Egypt,  the  Black  Sea, 
and  other  Arabian  centres  and  trading  with  them, 
supplied  Europe. 

In  the  siiarp  contests  of  these  rival  republics  for 
commercial  supremacy,  the  Venetians  finally  ac- 
quired; by  dijilomacy  and  business  activity,  such  in- 
fluence over  the  ports  of  the  Black  Sea  and  the 
Levant,  that  the  Genoese  saw  ruin  before  them;  and 
they  began  to  look  in  other  directions  for  relief  and 
continued  prosperity. 

The  merchants  of  western  Europe,^  being  ex- 
cludotl  by  the  Venetians  from  direct  participation  in 


'  Sen  Our  Country,  Vol,  I. 


12 


DISCOVERY  OF  THE  Oh'/G/X  OF  THE 


eastern  commerct?  through  the  Metliterranean;  Avei-e 
seeking  other  channels  of  conminnication  with 
India.  In  this  enterprise  they  had  the  assistance  of 
Prince  Henry,  a  son  of  Jolni  I,  king  of  Portugal 
and  tlie  Englisli  princess  PhiHp})a  of  Lancaster,  a  sis- 
ter of  Henry  IV  of  England.  When  prince  Henry 
was  with  liis  father  on  an  African  exi)edition,  the 
Moors  related  stories  of  the  coast  of  Guinea  and 
other  lands  then  unknown  to  Europeans.  He  be- 
lieved that  important  discoveries  might  be  made  by 
navigating  along  the  western  coast  of  the  conti- 
nent, aiid  the  idea  absorbing  his  attention;  he  retired 
from  court,  to  a  beautiful  country  seat  near  Cape  St. 
Vincent,  in  full  view  of  the  ocean,  and  drew  ai  )und 
him  m(>n  of  science  and  leai'iiing  who  came  to  the 
conclusion  that  India  might  be  reached  by  going 
around  the  southern  shores  of  the  African  contuient, 
an  idea  wliicli  was  contrary  to  tlie  assertions  of 
Ptolemy — the  standard  geograi)hy  at  that  time— and 
of  many  learned  men. 

Up  to  this  period,  European  navigators  believed  in 
dreadful  reefs,  stormy  headlands,  reaching  far  into 
the  ocean,  and  a  fiery  climate  at  the  equator;  which 
boiled  every  whale  in  the  ocean  depths  attempting 
to  cross  the  lino  where  waves  of  scalding  water 
washed  tiie  burning  sands  of  the  coast. 


'i 


.,^' 


f 


NAME  Of-  AMERICA. 


13 


rOHTUGAL  AWAKENED   BY   POLO'S  HISTORY;   SEEKS 

INDIA. 

The  King  of  Portuj^^al  had  -ow  determined  to 
test  Toscanelli's  ideas— also  beiieved  in  by  oilier 
astronomers  of  that  ago— as  soon  as  he  was  in  a 
position  to  do  so.  Portugal  had  not  long  been  a 
kingdom  (lloU),  and  it  ^vas  only  during  the  reign  of 
Joan— tlie  great— (1385-1433)  that  they  succeeded  in 
repulsing  the  Moors— who  took  the  country  from 
the  Visigoths  in  the  eighth  century— and  a  formid- 
able invasion  by  the  Spaniards. 

The    Monarch — whose  nation  was   now   undis- 

tmbod— looking  towards  the  passage  which   might 

lead  to  the  woiKlerful  country  where  Marco  Polo's 

treasure  lay;  sent  an  expedition  which  discovered 

Madeira  and  the  Azores,  before  returning  to  relate 

stories    causing    intense    excitement.     Every    one 

wished   to   sail   in  search   of    Polo's  golden   land  ; 

amongst    them   the  King's   son   who   immediately 

prepared  for  sea,  and   making  further  discoveries; 

became  known  as  "Prince  Henry,  the  navigator.'" 

About  this  period,  the  art  of  printing  was  inveiited 

(1440),  but  fifteen  years  rolled  by  before  the  first 

book  appeared— so  far  as  is  known,  the  Mazarine 

bible— and  gradually,  stories  of  Portuguese  enterprise 

began  to  reacli  the  seaports  and  learned  centers  of 

Europe;  which  brought  many  mariners  and  scholars 

to  that  country,  where  the  jet-black  gentlemen,  hn- 


irr 


illll 


JifT..:, 


14 


DISCOVERY  OF  THE  ORIGIN  OF  THE 


ported  as  slaves  from  Africa  (14-i-i), — then  living 
wonders — turned  the  eyes  of  Europe  towards  the 
little  kingdom  for  many  years,  and  correspondents 
sent  there  by  the  principal  people  of  sevei-al  nations, 
wrote  iiome  any  infoi-mation  wJiich  might  lead  them 
towards  the  land  of  gold. 

Mariners  who  had  ilocked  tlu;re,  begged  of  the 
crown  to  put  tliem  in  command  of  vessels  in  search 
of  new  countries,  although  the  applications  were  not 
yet  so  numerous  as  Columbus  described  them;  when 
he  stated  that  after  discovering  the  new  land,  the 
connnonest  sailor  in  his  vessel  wished  to  go  in  search 
of  territory  and  even  the  very  tailors  were  willing. 

He  was  among  those  who  went  to  Portugal 
(14:70),  but  the  government  naturally  preferring  to 
associate  their  own  subjects  with  these  enterprises; 
did  not  then  employ  foreigners. 

He  was  the  son  of  Domenico  Casenneve^ — some- 
times called  Coulon  or  Colon  in  Spanish,  and  Colum- 
bus in  Latin— a  Genoese  wool-comber,  and  after  hav- 
ing been  sent  to  the  University  of  Pavia,  returned 
home  to  assist  his  father.  At  the  early  ago  of  four- 
teen, he  was- sent  to  sea  with  a  distant  relative, — an 
Admiral  of  the  Genoese  navy — and  is  supi)osed  to 
have  been  in  the  naval  expedition,  which  was  fitted 
out  by  the  Duke  of  Calabria  to  recover  that  King- 
dom for  his  father. 

Finding  nothing  to  bo  done  at  sea,  he  tried  his 

'  Narrative  and  critical  liistory  of  America. 


.v./.]//?  OF  AMERICA. 


15 


IS- 


'^!^ 


fortune  on  land;  by  making  charts  at  Lisbon,  where 
ho  "popped  the  question,"  and  was  accepted  by  the 
widow  of  a  Portuguese  navigator;  "aricli  widow," 
historians  tell  us,  thus  far  resembling  Mohanniied,^ 
immediately  before  he  founded  the  third  chief  re- 
ligion of  the  world,  and  we  may  be  gallant  enough 
to  suppose,  that  it  was  the  widow  who  advised 
Columbus  to  go  west,  but  he  eventually  lost  her, 
and  being  reduced  to  poverty,  (14S4j  went  with  his 
son  to  Si)ain. 

Portugal  continued  to  send  expeditions,  dispatch- 
iiig  Bartholomew  Dias— who  was  blown  around  the 
west  coast— to  explore  Africa,  and  the  King  deter- 
mined to  follow  up  his  discoveries  and  endeavor  to 
reiw,-h  India  by  sea— called  this  cape.  Good  Hope,  or 
Boa  Esperan(^a. 

Vasco  de  Gatna,  a  gentleman  of  His  Majesty's 
household,  offering  to  go  with  an  exi)edition,  sailed, 
(8  July,  1497)  arrived  in  India,  and  by  appointiug 
Viceroys,  extended  commerce;  which  made  them 
masters  of  the  eastern  ocean  fornearly  a  century. 


MARCO   polo's   travels  EXCITE   SPAIN. 

Sjjain  was  anxious  to  particij)ate  in  these  expe- 
ditions,  but  she  also,  had  yet  too  nnich  to  do  at 
home. 


'  The  name  of  the  r.ligion  fountled  by  the  Arab  Maho.nmed-wh..  wrot..  their 
«a,-red  b„ok,  tho  Koran.  CIO  a.  u.-an,l  in.orreotly  .■  ,11,.,1  Mahowmedanisn,  is 
Islamisui,  I.  e.  Bubniicsion  to  God. 


>^'-5aiii«« 


rii^Tr^'-jFZ 


10 


n/scoi-F.A'V  or  ri/E  okigix  or  the 


WhcMi  the  Gorniaiis  attacked  the  Spanish  province 
of  falhn^  Rome:  these,  invited  the  Visigoths  to  aid 
them,  who  suhdned  Spain  and  ruled  it,  until  Alaric, 
— one  of  their  chiefs;  (|uarrelin<;  with  the  others 
about  an  election, — asked  the  Moors  to  assist  him, 
which  they  did;  like  the  Visij^olhs,  by  con([uerinf; 
the  country,  (711,  A.  D.;,  but  the  Spaniards  soon 
regained  a  large  portioj.  jf  it,  oidy  to  be  lost  agnin 
(1252 -S4),  whiki  Alfonso  X  was  seeking  the  Im- 
perial Crown  of  Ciermany,  and  they  did  not  recover 
it,  until  the  war  against  the  Moors  (1481), — which 
ended  by  their  return  to  Mauritana  (Africa)  in  14'J2, 
and  complete  expulsion  from  Castile. 

Some  years  previously  a  navigator— soon  to  be- 
come famous — had  arrived  in  Spain. ^  Just  at  the 
evening  twilight  of  a  beautiful  October  day  (1485), 
a  man  of  fifty  summers, — tall,  well  formed,  and 
muscular,  a  face  once  rosy,  but  now  careworn  in  ex- 
pression; an  a(iuiline  nose,  rather  high  cheek 
bones,  eyes  of  light  gray  ;  his  hair  thin  and  silvery; — 
stood  at  the  gate  of  the  Franciscan  monastery  near 
Palos  in  Spain,  asking  for  a  little  bread  and  water 
for  his  pale-faced  motherless  son  whom  he  led  by 
the  hand. 

It  was  Christopher  Columbus,  then  in  extreme 
poverty,  on  his  way  to  the  Spanish  Court. 

While  the  porter  was  getting  refreshments  for 
his  boy,  the  prior  of  the  monastery  Wiis  attracted  by 

'  See  Our  Country,  Vol.  I. 


'I 

'9 


NAMI-:  OF  A.VEK/CA. 


17 


the  (li<,qiifiLHl  ai>pearaiice  of  the  stranger,  and  coii- 
cludiiiij:  after  a  brief  conversation  that   he  was  an 


re  me 


COLUMBUS  AND   HIS   SdS   AT  THK   SIONASTI.lt V. 


extraordinary  man;  invited  him  to  remain.  With 
increasing;  wonder  and  admiration  lie  Hstened  to  the 
naviji;ator's  theories,  his  plans  and  his  hopes.     That 


18 


DISCOVERY  DF  Jill-:  ORhilX  OF  11  IE 


such  a  man  slioiild  stand  a  begj^ar  at  his  gate  was  a 
marvel  to  Father  Marchcna. 

The  I'liar  was  learned  in  geographical  science. 
Able,  therefore,  to  com|)reh(;nd  the  grandeur  of  the 
views  of  Columbus,  he  was  deeply  impressed  with 
the  wisdom  of  th(!  appaiently  insi)ired  navigator, 
and  sent  for  a  scientific  friend  in  Palos  to  come  and 
converse  witli  his  guest  within  the  quiet  cloisters  of 
the  monastery  wh(M'e  the  project  was  received  with 
the  most  profound  respect.  The  friar  offered  liini  a 
court  introduction,  and  ])roposed  to  educate  his  son 
Diego. 

It  was  now'  one  of  the  most  remaikablo  and 
brilliant  periods  in  the  history  of  the  Spanish  mon- 
archy. The  marriage  of  Ferdinand,  King  of  Arragon, 
and  Isabella,  Queen  of  Leon  and  Castile,  had  united 
their  kingdoms  and  formed  a  strong  empire.  These 
twomonarchs  were  but  one  in  love,  respect,  interest, 
views  and  aims,  and  were  happily  united  in  their 
councils  for  the  good  of  the  realm,  yet  they  ruled 
as  distinct  sovereigns,  each  having  an  independent 
council,  and  freciuently  holding  court  and  exercising 
sovereignty  at  widely  separate  points  at  the  same 
time.  They  were  wise  in  council  and  brave  in  action. 
Sometimes  they  were  both  in  the  field  at  the  head  of 
troops  in  their  wai'fare  with  the  Moors.  The  armor 
worn  by  the  Queen  on  these  occasions  may  been  seen 
in  the  royal  arsenal  at  Madrid.  All  acts  of  sovereignty 

'  Our  Couutry,  Vol.  1. 


I 

I 

m 


NAME  or  AMFRICA. 


19 


wore  oxocutod  jointly.  Tho  national  coins  boiu  their 
united  profile,  and  the  royal  seal  displayed  tlio  arms 
of  Castile  and  Arragon. 

Columbus  remained   quietly   at    the   monastery 
until  the  sj)rin^^  of  14s(j,  when  the  court  had  arrived 
at  the  ancient  city  of  Cordova,  where  the   troops 
had  assmnbled  for  a  vigorous  spring  campaign.     To 
that    old    city,    and    to    the    court    of   the   young 
sovereigns   he  repaired,   bearing  a  letter  from  the 
friar  to  the  superior  of  the  monastery  of  Prado,  who 
was  the  Queen's  confessor,  but  war  was  then  raging, 
and  every  peaceful  occupation  was  disturbed  by  the 
clash  of  arujs.     The  Crown  hov.ever,  eventually  in- 
foi-med  the  navigatoi-,  that  they  would  consider  his 
proposition   when   peace   was   restored.     Columbus 
had    received  an   invitation   to   visit    the   King  of 
France  at  Paris,  and  resolved  to  go,  but  the  friar 
advised  him  to  see  Queen  Isabella  again,  and  ar- 
riving while  the  Spanish  troops  weie  in  pursuit  of 
the  last  of  the  Moorish  army,  he  was  presented  at 
court;  but  the  King  said  that  the  war  had  depleted 
the  treasury  to  such  an  extent;  that  they  could  not 
entertain  the  project.     "  I  will  undertake  the  enter- 
prise,"  said    Queen   Isabella,    "for    my   crown    of 
Castile,  and,  if  essential.  I  shall  pledge  my  jewels  to 
obtain  the  necessary  funds."    Columbus  kjielt,  giv- 
ing thanks  to  God. 

The  ambition  of    the   navigator  was  lofty  and 
noble.     His  piety  was  heart  felt;  his  religious  con- 


^:: 


20 


D/scorhh'Y  ()/■  ■////■:  (V>'a;av  or  rur. 


victions  wore  (loop  ;iii<l  controlling',  and  liis  zoal  was 
fod  by  an  oainosl  dosiro  to  sorve  (i(j<l  and  bonofit 
mankind.     And  when;  with  a  ton^no  that  seemed 


':^^^&mM.'i:     \Mi£^mS:.V   j«*_«(SS 


'r/iiiT^-s-^L-^ 


gUEEN  ISABELLA   INVOKING  IlLKtiKINliS. 


to  be  touched  with  the  flame  of  inspiration,  ho  told 
the  C^ueen  of  his  faith  and  hope, — a  belief  that  he  was 
ordained  by  God  to  bear  the  gospel  to  the  heathen  of 


A./J/A  OF  AMLKICA. 


SI 


zomI  was 
1  lioiiefit 
,  sccmod 


he  told 

he  was 

itlion  of 


niikiiowii  laiidri,  and  a  Ijopc  that  ho  should  hrinj^ 
Icick  to  her  tlie  j^lad  lidiii-is  of  pagans  coiivcrtod  to 
the  ti'uo  faith, — her  faco  kiiidlt'd  with  onthiisiasiu 
and  hcaincd  with  anj^cljc  heiiij^iiily.  And  when  ho 
spoke  of  [;iviii;^-  toS[)aiii  the  honors  and  oniolunionts 
of  his  anticipated  (Uscoveries,  and  promised  to  devote 
the  i>rofits  of  the  enter|)rise  for  th(>  lecovory  of  the 
Jioly  sepulchre  at  Jerusalem  from  the  hands  of  tiio 
.Mahommodaus,  the  hoautiful Queen  was  transported 
with  joy,  and  rising-  in  ecstacy  from  the  throne,  while 
Ikm-  hi'i^ht  hlue  eyes  beaming  rays  of  hope  that  fain 
would  pierce  the  very  h(>avens,  vied  with  th<^  inani- 
mate lustie  from  those  marble  jewel-clasped  hands 
which  shone  like  a  divine  benediction  over  the  awe- 
struck form  of  the  navigator  as  he  stood  statue- 
like,  with  bowed  head,  before  the  almost  transfigured 
Sovereign,  while  the  King  responded  "Amen.'' 

Hardly  had  this  warended,  than  Queen  Isabella-- 
boirowing  money  on  her  crown  jewels — began  to 
prepare  the  expedition  to  find  a  western  ]xissage  to 
tndia,  and  by  agreement  with  Columbus  (17  Apl., 
141>j!j,  api)ointed  him  High  Admiial,  and  Viceroy, 
of  lands  to  be  discovered. 

<-'OLUMHUS  (JOES   TO    FIND   JAPAN;   THK  ISLAND  WHERE 
THE   (iOl.l)    AND    PEAHLS   GREW. 

Saibng  out  of  Palos  on  the  :!d  of  August,  1402, 
and  after  a  i)erilous  voyage  — guided  by  the  chart 
made  by  Toscanelli;'  their  courage  was  rewarded  at 

'  IJei'tou. 


'I 


/■///•;  X.IM/-:  (>/■  AMERICA. 


//■    // 


%w 


^ 


fe/i 


ill' 


% 


\im 


111:"' 


2  A.  M.  (Ill  tlic  li'lli  (»f  OctolxT,  wlicii  the  Admii'.il 
saw  a  li;j,lit  iiioviiit;-  i/i  lln'  darkness,  ami  calling  a 
coiMpaiiioM,  tlifv  (lisciiHscd  the  s(>ri(His  (iiK.'stion  of 
its  reality;  hut  the  low  saiuly  slioic,  observed  in  the 
bright  iiiooidi,i;ht,  liy  one  of  the  civw  of  the  I'inta, 
soon  l'eni(»Ved  ,dl  doul)t. 

Xext  liioiiiini;-  after  laiidiii;;',  every  one  i<nelt  in 
solemn  i)rayer,  before  formal  jK^ssession  was  taken 
for  the  Crown  of  S|»ain.  It  appears  from  the  Ad- 
miral's jou,'  tliat  <his  was  the  island  (»f  "(iuana- 
hani,"  which  he  naiiK^d  Holy  Redeemer  (San  Sal- 
vador!. 

Sailing  away  on  tlu^  14th,  so  many  islands  ap- 
peared—about one  hundred — that  he  did  not  kuow 
which  to  go  to,  Init  next  day,  oue  was  named  "St. 
Mary  of  the  conception,"  and  another  in  honor  of 
the  King,  "  Fernandino,"  and  on  the  Idth,  landing 
at  "  Samoat,"— which  the  natives  said  was  the  place 
to  tind  gold— he  named  it  after  Queen  '*  Isabella.'' 

"All,  all  events,'"  he  writes,  "if  the  weatlwr  is 
favorable,  T  will  sail  around  this  isle  until  I  get  an 
opportunity  to  s])eak  with  the  King,  and  see  if  I  can 
have  the  gold  that  T  hear  they  bring,  and  then  I  will 
leave  for  the  other  large  isle;  which  I  firmly  believe 
must  be  "Cipango."-  According  to  the  signs  that 
those  Indians  give  me;  I  make  out  that  they 
call  it  Colba"  (this  was  Cuba),  "but  notwithstanding 
this,  I  am  determined  to  go  to  the  mainland,  and  to 


'  Naviirreti',  Vol,  I. 


=  MoatiinK  Japim. 


Ta^ 


\>>\\\ 


^4 


niSCOlERY  (>/'  THE  ORIUIN  OF  THE 


the  city  of  Guinsay,'  to  deliver  the  letters  of  Your 
Majesties  to  the  'Grand  Khan,'  and  to  nsk  him  re- 
spectfully if  T  may  go  with  him." 

The  Admiral  h;id  sailed  from  Spain,  to  find  the 
island  of  Japan,'-  spoken  of  hy  Marco  Polo,  whose 
desci'i]»ti()n  of  it,  n|)pearson  an  old  chart;  which  was 
made  hy  Maitin  Behaim  (14S4),  a  young  German" 
student,  who— lik(!  many  others — was  attracted  to 
Porttigol  hy  these  discoveries,  duiiugthe  period  that 
Cohunhus  resided  there  and  employed  his  time  hy 
making  charts.  \\\  Behaim's  map  of  the  world, 
the  mdvuowu  isle  of  Japan,  was  placed  where  he 
thought  it  ])rohal)ly  was;  adding  these  words: — 
"The  island  is  called  Zipangut,  lying  in  the  eastern 
world,  whose  inhahitauts  manufacture  their  own 
gods,  and  have  no  King.  Enormous  (luaniities  of 
(jol(l(jrotr  there;  and  alsojeiueU,  and  eastern  pearls, 
the  sailors  having  found  12,700  islands  in  the  Indian 
ocean.'" 

The  Spanish  monarchs  must  have  concluded, 
that,  as  Marco  Polo  had  learned  Turkish,  the  Grand 
Khan — out  of  common  politeness,  if  nothing  else^ 
had  studied  Spanish;  for  they  did  not  hesitate  to 
give  Columhus  a  letter  of  introduction,  which  he 
took  ashore  to  present  to  the  Khan,  who  was  only 


'  Spoken  of  in  Marco  Polo's  voyages,  ch.  58. 
"  Navarrote,  Cipango.  =>  Lclcwil. 

•»  "  Di(si>  Insiil  t;(iiannt  Zcpangiit,  lici;,'ct  im  urii'iit  dcr  WVlt.  Die  Iiiwohncr- 
botUou  abKotter,  an  ilir  Konig  ist  uiiiiiinil,  Iiidcr  insiil  wiiihst  tibortrcsliclit  viel 
yold,  auoh  wiiclist  ila  allrlcy  cilel^icsti'iii,  prarli'ii  nriciital,  In  dii'scu  Indiauischeu 
Meur  soUcn  die  ^i^■lutllL•utU  diu  12,7()U  insuleu  lufuuden  liabeu." 


NAME  OF  A.\ri:RICA. 


1 


to  1)0  found  in  a  directly   opi)()sito  quarter  of  the 
globe. 

Discovering  the  island  of  Cuba  on  the  2.Sth  of 
October,  he  named  it  "  Juana,"  after  Prince  John; 
the  Spanish  heir  a])pai'ent.      Some   of   the   natives 
were  smoking  cigars   which   they   called    tobacco, 
while  others  made  them;  but  Columbus  considering 
it  a  savage  custom,  left  its  European  introduction 
to  Sir  Walter  T?aleigh.     Hayti,  they  found  on  De- 
cember Oth,  and  going  ashore  to  dine,  five  chiefs, 
subjects  of  King  Gua-Camahari,  came  to  visit  him. 
He  heard  from  the  natives,that  thei)eoplc  were  afraid 
of  the  Carihs,  who  went  all  over  the  islands  and  eat 
them,    so  that   the    Indian   who  accompanied  the 
Spaniards,  I'an  forward  cryiiig:—"  Don't  fear!     The 
christians  are  not  Caribs;  but  came  from  heaven, 
and  give  many  beautiful  things  to  those  wlio  visit 
them." 

On  this    invitation,    two   thousand    people    ap- 
proached, and   imtting  their  hands  on  the  heads  of 
the  terror-stricken    Spaniards, -a    sign  of    eternal 
friendship,- invited    them   to   dinner;    which    was 
finally  accepted  when  confidence  had  been  restored. 
Th(>ir  bread— made  of  roots  resend)Iing  radishes- 
had  the  flavor  of  chestnuts.     Columbus  sailed  about 
these  islands  still  looking  in  vain  for  the  Khan.    Uji 
Christmas  eve,  a  large  number  of  Indians  weiv  on 
board  the  vessel,  whom  he  asked,  where  tlu'  gold 
was,  and  taking  with  him  the  most  intelligent  of 


THE  NAME  OF  AMERICA. 


thoin,  who, — ^after  naming  many  places,  —mentioned 
Civao,  wliicli  the  Admiral  sailed  for,  expecting  to 
reach  Japan,  hnt,  it  was  oidy  another  part  of 
Haiti,  and  they  called  it  (Hisnanola)  "  Little  Spain. "^ 

On  landing,  King  Gua-Camahari,  advanced  to  re- 
ceive the  Viceroy,  and  laying  hands  on  his  head,  in- 
vested him  with  his  own  crown,  placed  him  in  a 
royal  sedan  chair  covered  with  a  canopy;  in  which 
he  was  can-ied  toward  the  city,  on  the  shoulders  of 
four  men,  as  their  Kings  are. 

Columbus,  taking  off  a  handsome  collar  of  beads, 
put  it  on  the  King's  neck — gave  him  a  cloak,  sent 
for  some  colored  slippers,  and  placed  a  silver  ring  on 
his  finger,  which  seemed  to  have  attracted  their  at- 
tention while  two  chiefs  exchanged  large  plates  of 
gold  for  trinkets.  Soon  afterwards  the  Admiral's 
ship  was  wrecked  here,  leaving  only  two  small  ves- 
sels. After  building  a  fort — placing  twenty-nine 
men  in  it,  who  were  never  seen  again — they  called 
to  say  good-bye  to  the  King,  and  sailing  among  the 
islands,  turned  homewards  on  the  17th  of  January, 
1493.  Columbus  was  nearly  wrecked  on  this  voy- 
age, and  f(^aring  that  no  one  would  survive  to  an- 
nounce the  new  world  to  Europe,  he  retired  to  his 
cabin,  writing  hurriedly  on  parchment  an  account  of 
the  voyage— amidst  the  uproai-  and  shouting  t)f  the 
di>spairing  crew — and  wrapping  it  in  oilskin,  sur- 
rounded completely  with  wax,  he  put  it  into  a  barrel, 
well  fastened,  and  water  tight,  which  was  thrown 


"if 


1 

1!! 

« 

i 

11 , 

IK 

1^^'. 

1' 

I 

1' 

II 

IB 

in 

■ 

28 


DISCOVERY  OF  THE  ORIGIN  OF  THE 


'■'% 


a 


overboard.^  Columbus,  however,  landed  first,  and 
after  stopping  at  Lisbon  to  have  an  interview  with 
the  King  of  Portugal,  he  arrived  in  Spain  on  the  loth 
of  March,  after  an  absence  of  seven  months,  and 
liad  a  royal  reception  at  Bai'celona  from  their 
Majesties,  who  requested  him  to  be  seated  in  their 
presence— an  honor  only  accorded  to  grandees. 

He  was  given  the  title  of  Don,  and  a  crest  bear- 
ing the  royal  arms  of  Spain— the  lion  and  castle- 
adding  a  group  of  islands  to  represent  his  discover- 
ies; while  extensive  preparations  were  hastened  for 
another  expedition.  The  Admiral  presented  Indians, 
gold,  pearls,  fish,  and  birds  from  the  new  islands,  to 
their  Majesties,  who  w^ere  much  interested  in  hear- 
ing of  the  hospitable  treatment  of  the  natives,  and 
amused  by  the  story  of  the  Indian  lady,  who  had 
seen  her  face  foi'  the  first  time  in  a  mirror. 

That  Grand  Cardinal  of  Spain,"  invited  Colum- 
bus to  a  feast,  to  meet  the  Spanish  Grandees  and 
prelates.  To  the  navigator  ho  gave  the  seat  of 
honor  and  otlior  marks  of  distinction.  These  at- 
tentions,—to  one  so  lately  a  poor  Italian  mariner 
— excited  the  jealousy  of  some  guests.  A  courtier 
asked  the  Admiral  whether  he  thought  i'lat  in 
case  ho  did  not  discover  the  Indies;  there  were 
not  men  in  Spain  who  would  have  been  equal 
to  the  enterprise  ?  Columbus  took  an  egg  that  was 
before   him,  and   invited  the  courtier  to   make   it 


CancelUeri,  p.  102. 


»  Our  CouutryVol.  1. 


'^ 


i 


:m 


NAME  OF  AMERICA. 


29 


ler 

in 

;re 

lal 

IS 

it 


stand  on  its  end.  He  could  not.  All  the  company 
tried  in  vain  to  do  it.  Then  the  Viceroy  struck 
the  egg  upon  the  tahle  so  as  to  flatten  the  end  hy 
a  fracture  and  left  it  standing.  "Any  one  could  do 
that,"  cried  the  courtier.  "After  I  have  shown  the 
way,"  replied  the  Admiral.  "Gentlemen,"  he  con- 
tinued, "after  I  have  shown  a  new  way  to  India, 
nothing  is  easier  than  to  follow." 

Nearly  every  one  wished  to  go  on  the  new  expe- 
dition ;  so  intense  was  the  excitement,  and  the 
government  got  a  hull  (4  May,  1493),  from  pope 
Alexander  VI,  which  granted  fields  for  discovery. 
Then  Portugal  got  one;  which  gave  Spain  the  right 
to  all  the  land  one  hundred  leagues  west  of  the 
Azores,  but  the  Portuguese  objected,  and  it  was 
agreed  shortly  after  to  move  the  dividing  line  three 
hundred  and  seventy  leagues  further  west,  which 
unexpectedly  gave  her:  Brazil,  the  Spice  islands,  and 
half  of  New  Guinea. 

The  Admiral  sailed  away  on  the  25th  of  Septem- 
ber, 1493,  with  seventeen  ships,  and  fifteen  hundred 
colonists,  arriving  on  the  3d  of  November,  and  after 
discovering  several  islands,  returned  to  Haiti,  found- 
ing the  city  of  Isabella. 

An  expedition  to  the  interior  for  the  purpose 
of  finding  gold  was  successful;  and  twelve  ships 
were  sent  home  with  Indians  and  some  of  the 
precious  metal. 

These  discoveries  had  created  intense  excitement 


hi 


30 


V/SCOiJiKy  OF  THE  ORIGIN  OF  THE 


all  over  Eiiiope,  and  questions  of  fitting  out  expedi- 
tions were  freely  spoken  of. 

KNGI.ISII   SHIPS   SAIL,  SKEKING   THE   ISLE   WHERE  GOLD 
AND    PEARLS   GROW, 

At  Bristol,  England,  lived  Zuan  Caboto,  a  Vene- 
tian, whom  tliey  called  John  Cabot,  who  having  ob- 
tained a  patent  from  Henry  VII  for  discoveries,  he 
sailed,  and  arriving  on  the  coast  of  Labrador  (24th 
of  June,  1497),  saw  such  a  quantity  of  fish  tliat  he 
called  it  "Baccalos,"  meaning  codfish.  His  son — 
then  a  hoy— was  with  him,  and  writing  afterwards 
of  this  voyage,  he  says,— "I  began  to  saile  toward 
"  the  northwest,  not  thinking  to  find  any  other  land 
"than  that  of  Cathay,' and  from  thence  turne  to- 
"  ward  India,  but  after  certaine  dayes  I  found  that 
"  the  land  ranne  towards  the  north,  which  was  to 
"  me  a  great  displeasure.''-  On  his  return,  the  King 
gave  him  (3d  February,  1498),  a  grant  to  take  six  mer- 
chant vessels,  paying  the  government  price  for  them, 
and  to  enlist  volunteers,  "and  theym  convey  and 
lede,  to  the  londe,  and  isles  of  late  founde,  by  the 
seid  John." 

Cabot,  was  a  townsman  of  Columbus,  but  natu- 
ralized by  Venetia. 

'  Marco  Polo  called  China,  Cathay. 

"  "  Sebastian  Cabot  in  the  first  voyage  which  ho  made  at  the  oharHOs  of  king 
Honric  VH.  intended  [as  hinisell'e  eonlessethl  to  find  no  ntlier  Laiuiii  Imt  Cnihay 
and  Ironi  llienee  tnrno  towards  India:  and  the  oiiinions  of  Aristotle*  and  Seneea, 
tliat  India  was  not  farrc  froine  tSpainc,  conttrmed  them  therein"  Purchas  Kdn. 
1(U7,  p.  8'.14. 

*  Arist.  de  Coelo  ot  Muudo. 


W. 


1 


^ 
S 


NAA:E  of  AMERICA. 


31 


>g 


SPAIN     PUOHIBITS     FOREKiNKKS     FROM    PARTICIPATING 
IN   HER  DISCOVERIES. 

The  Ci'ovvn  of  Spain  bad  been  aware  of  tbese  in- 
tended expeditions,  and  in  order  to  anticipate  tlieni, 
a  proclamation  was  issued  (lOtb  April,  1405),  per 
niitting  passports  to  be  granted  on  certain  conditions, 
to  naiiva  horn  subjects,  to  settle  in  Haiti:  or  to  go 
on  voyages  of  discovery  and  commerce  in  the  new 
possessions.^     Columbus  had  been  for  nearly  three 
years,  the  only  one  to  whom  aid  was  given  to  ex- 
plore  the  Western    hemisphere,    and   the  govern- 
ment,—seeing  that  other  nations  were  preparing  to 
participate  in  their  discoveries— offered  permission 
to  their  subjects  to  anticipate  them.     This  was  not 
unjust  to  the  Viceroy,  whose  rights  were  preserved 
by  an  edict  issued  soon   aftej-.      Com})laints  were 
being  made  of  the  Admiral's  government  of  Haiti 
with  such  persistency;  that  the  Crown  was  obliged 
to  send  a  representative   to   investigate  them  (in 
October),   and   he  returned    next    year,   while    the 
Viceroy  accompanied  him  in  another  vessel.     These 
difticulties  were  surmounted,  and  Columbus  obtained 
a  decree  (4  June,  1497),  prohibiting  emigration  or 
trading  in  his  discoveries. 


'  Nuvarreto. 


1^'! 


tXill 


32 


DISCOVER y  OF  Tirr.  or/g/x  oi-  the 


COLUMBUS   FINDS  THE  WESTERN   HEMISPHERE. 

Another  expedition  was  fitted  out,  and  sailing- 
on  his  third  voyage  in  command  of  six  vessels  (30th 
May,  14JiS),  Coknnbus  discovered  an  isle,  naming  it 
Trinidad,  before  sailing  into  the  (Jrenoco  (31st  July), 
which  he  thought  was  the  river  Gilion,  with  its 
source  in  the  garden  of  Eden  "the  eaithly  paradise 
of  Adam  and  Eve."  The  view  of  this  immense  river 
inflamed  the  Admiral's  very  religious  feeling,  and 
aftei-  referring  to  the  four  riveis  of  Paradise,  he 
gives  the  following  indication  of  knowledge,  which 
would  not  be  supposed  from  his  style  of  writing; 
"St.  Isador  and  St.  Bede,  and  Strabo,  and  the 
Master  of  history,  (Herodotus)  and  St.  Ambrose  and 
Scoto,  and  all  the  sacred  theologians  agree,  that  para- 
dise is  in  the  east.''  Then,  after  referring  to  the 
Latin  historian  Pliny,  he  continues,  "  Aristotle  said 
that  the  world  was  small,  and  the  water  little  ; 
so  that  it  was  easy  to  pass  from  Spain  to  India,  and 
Seneca  said,  that  Aristotle  got  his  information  from 
Alexander  the  Great."  He  continues: — "  I  had  not 
yet  spoken  with  any  of  the  natives,  which  I  was  ex- 
ceedingly anxious  to  do,  and  after  sailing  a  long 
distance,  where  the  land  ^cas  cult i rated,  I  sent  boats 
ashore,  as  we  wanted  provisions.  The  land  continued 
to  improve,  and  the  ])opulation  was  denser,  as  we 
went  west;  therefore,  we  proceeded  along  the  coast 
until  coming  to  a  river.     The  people  crowded  to  the 


HIM 

r  ■'  I 


X.IM/-:  i)F  .IMEAVC.l. 


33 


shore  in  countloss  nmnbors.    They  had  very  polislied 
manners,    and   tall   and   graceful    figures;   wearin- 
smooth  long  hair,  and  with  whit.u-  skin  than  any  I 
had  yet  seen  in  the  Indies,  besides  being  conrageous 
and  mtelligent."     Tin's  land  he  considered,  "  was  the 
Iiighest  elevation  in  the  world,and  nearest  to  the  sky  " 
"They  told    me   that  they  called  this  place  Paria 
and  that  from  there  towards  west,  was  a  la.-ger  popn- 
lation.     We  took  four  of  then,  on  board,  and  sail- 
ing thn-ty-two  miles;  found  the  most  charnn-ng  land 
in  the  world,  well  populated,  where  we  anchored  to 
admire  its  verdant  beauty  and  to  see    the  people- 
who  came  in  boats  to  beg  of  me  on  behalf  of  their 
king  to  land,  and  when  they  saw  that  we  were  not 
afraid  of  them,  an  immense  number  arrived,  bring- 
ing presents  for  us.     They  wore  Iiandkerchiefs  or. 
the  neck,  and  others  around  their  arms,  and  some 
pearls.     We  were  delighted   to  see  these,   and   in- 
quired anxiously  where   they  found   them,  which 
they  told  me  were  to  be  had  further  west. 

"  They  say  that  when  we  land,  we  shall  see  the 
two  chiefs  of  the  place,  whom  I  think  are  father  and 
son.  They  govern  a  very  large  coast,  where  brea.l 
and  many  kinds  of  wine  come  from,  and,  not  hav- 
ing any  vines,  they  must  be  made  from  fruit  or 
maize,  similar  to  that  found  in  Spain.  All  the 
men  occupy  one  side  of  the  house,  and  the  women 
the  other.  They  have  great  difficulty  in  making 
our  Indians  understand  their  questions;  as  to  us. 


:>: 


ts 


r 


34 


niSCOlllRY  Oh   THE  ORiaiX  Oh   THE 


and  our  couiitry,  iiiid  so  have  wo;  in  our  undoavor 
to  find  out  about  tlioni."' 

'*  Al'tcr  luncli  at  tlie  house  of  tlio  oldest  inhabit- 
ant, we  toolc  liis  son  and  others  with  us,  and  sailed 
away,  as  1  was  so  anxious  to  icplenisli  our  sup^dios, 
which  is  done  with  ji,ieat  ditliculty.  We  arrived  at 
a  place  wliich  1  called,  "  the  gard(>ns,''  as  it  looked 
so.  Tbe  |)eoiile  wore  gold  plates  around  their  necks, 
and  had  very  large  canoes,  with  cabins  for  the 
chief  and  his  wives  " 

"I  did  my  best  to  find  where  they  got  the  gold, 
which  they  say  is  to  be  found  not  far  away  on  very 
high  lands  north  of  them,  but  thov  advise  us  not 
to  go;  as  the  people  might  eat  us.  Tliey  told  us  tliat 
they  found  the  pearls  further  west,  and  as  our  time 
was  precious;  we  passed  it  in  asking  questions,  and 
then  sailed  in  that  direction.'' 

After  being  ill  for  sometime  on  the  coast,  the 
Admiral  finally  returned  to  his  Viceroyalty  at  Haiti; 
sending  five  ships  to  Spain  with  slaves,  and  as  large  a 
quantity  of  pearls  and  gold  dust  as  he  could  collect, 
with  a  chart,  and,  a  complete  description  of  the  main- 
land,^ which  the  government  handed  to  John  Roder- 
iquez  de  Fonseca — afterwards  Bishop  of  Toledo — 
who,  shortly  before  the  arrival  of  these  vessels,  had 
been  appointed  Commissioner  to  issue  passports  to 
the  Western  part  of  India,'-  which  it  was  supposed 
to  be. 


'  Navarrete  Coleccion  III. 


=  Hirrcru,  p.  5  and  639.    Note. 


'•i 


n 


NAME  OF  AMERICA. 


35 


Tho  illustrious  ualioiiiil  sacred  uaiuo,  of  tlio 
greater  portion  of  tho  soutliorn  Continent,  iitdnd- 
iinj  thaf  part  Jirst  discovered  btj  Co/innbus,  was 
"•  Anieric(if''^^  which  appeared  on  early  maps,  as 
an  appropriate  honor  to  tho  j^reat  Navigator,  who 
had  niado  the  discovery.  This  was,  however, 
only  an  additional  acknowledgment  of  gratitude, 
which  the  world  owed  to  him.  They  liad  previously 
made  him  Admiral  and  Viceroy  of  tho  West  Indies, 
named  tho  "  Oolumhian  Archipelago  "  and  tho  "Co- 
lumbian Sea.''-  He  was  authorized  to  use  tho 
royal  arms  of  Spain,  on  armorials  granted  to  hiai, 

the  islands  first  discovered  being  represented  on  it, 
one  of  which  was  called  "  Monferrato,"— after  his 
birthplace,'' — on  the  earliest  standard  map  showing 
the  Western  Hemisphere.' 

The  Spanish  colonists  adopted  tho  native  name  of 
America,  to  designate  their  first  settlement  on  the 
main-land  of  the  new  world  but  in  those  days,  tho 
rules  of  orthography  were  undefined,  and  in  addi- 
tion to  the  numerous  erroi's  of  printing,  names  were 
spelled  in  any  way  which  the  writer  considered  most 
appropriate,  and  hence  we  have  America,  not  only 
written  Amaraca, '  Amerioco  and  Amerioca/'  Mara- 
ca,"    Moraca^    and   America,'  but  they    added    the 


'  PtolcMj-  KditioiiH,  Astor  Library.     ■  Codazzi,  Map  ii.     ^  Caiicillicri,  p.  2.'>. 

■•  I'toli'iuy,  ir>08.     ■■  lluinbol.U,  Vol.  I,  p.  ;i2-t.     "  UaloigU,  p.  11  and  'J'.i. 

■  Herrera.     "  Mercatcr. 

"  Till'  style  in  which  national  names  were  written,  tlcpondrd  on  the  nationality 
of  tho  writiT.  An  llnslishnian  spealiB  ol'  ticrniauy  whieli  tho  Spaniards  call  Alenia- 
nia,  although  Doutschland  is  the  proper  name. 


30 


niscovERV  or  hie  okicin  o/-  ////•; 


native  ^vol•(^,  "iiana,"  wliicli  Sir  WaltiT  Kaloigli  ex- 
plains, iiioaiit  ail  L'(|uivalc'iit  of  coimtiy,'  and  in 
Codazzi's  map,  tlu;  name  apjil^inj^  to  tiio  seashore 
is,  ''(-oast  of  Maracapana." 

'I'lic  Baron  de  Humboldt  spent  several  years  in 
this  part  of  Ameiica  (J7yi>-Jh()4),  and  wiote  three 
vohnnes,'  contain ni{<  nearly  seven  thousand  paj;,es 
of  modern  size.  The  object  of  his  visit,  was  to 
study  the  nation,  and  we  need  hardly  icfer  to  his 
rare  erudition,  to  be  found  in  this  beautiful  work, 
which  treats  of  nearly  every  sub ject.  From  him  wc 
learn,  that  the  first  settleiiicnl  of  the  Spanianls  on 
the  m<iin-hiii(t,  iu((s  a/ Amauaca-jkh/o,' which,  with 
Cumana,  and  Cubagua— both  adjoining  it— were 
the  chief  i)laces  of  the  African  slave  trade,  so  fright- 
fully active  there  in  the  sixteenth  century,  until 
stopped  by  the  Emperor,  Charles,  V. 

The  immense  quantity  of  pearls,  first  attracted 
the  attention  of  Coknnbus  and  the  Siianish  ])ioneei's 
who  followed  him,  all  of  whom  spoke  of  it  as  tho 
pearl  coast,'  which  was  on  the  low  shore  between 


'  p.  915.  It  IB  ruHfoniary  fo  add  tlio  won!  land,  to  uanicH  of  cduiitriPH  ;  as  in 
Erin  orlr-land,  ro-lniid,  Hcot-luiid,  Allele  or  Kiinlaml,  Ildll-laiid,  Ht'iitHcli-land,  (llio 
pioiuT  name  of  (k'lniaii}).  Japan  Koonec,  or  country,  and  tlic  Aniaracan« 
or  Anifiiicans,  used  tlic  aunii)  Hyslcni  ;  wbicli  diHliiiguislitd  countries  from 
liiinies  of  raeeg,  perHona,  or  divinilies,  \mt  lliey  generally  defined  their  nati<in  and 
cities  as,  "  America,  tliu  capitol,"  or  on  tlic  mountain,  in  wliich  cases,  the  word, 
1  ana  being  unnecc^siiry,  \\a.s  not  addtd.  Its  meaninj,'  as  land,  may  bo  found  in  IJel 
Canto's  "Arte  y  vocalnilario,"  ICll  a.  D,  and  others.  In  M(  xican  pan,  meiininf,' 
country,  was  written  by  skttchinn  a  llay,  wliich  lloatid  ovi  r  the  national  territory, 

=  Belalions  hisforiques.  '  Eelulions  Uistoriques,  Vol.  I.,  p.  324. 

*  Nuvarretc,  Vol.  I,  p.  2C3  ;  Caulin  Uistc  rin,  p.  in?  ;  Simon,  p.  310. 


^•.l^fr.  of  America. 


37 


tlio  cupos  I\iri;i,  and  dc  la  Vela,'  ai)poariii<;  midor 
tlio  names  of  "coast  of  Maracapiiua,''  or  properly 
Aiiiaroca-pana'  and  ''  Pearl  Coast,"  both  covering 
c(pially  the  entire  shore  in  Codazzi's  map  of  V^ene- 
znela,  HJiow^ng  the  voyages  of  the  Aihniral  and 
others. 

'Iho  name  Maracapan,  was  written  on  tin*  early 
Spanish  mai)s'  in  red,  which  indicated  the  places 
iirst  discovered  hy  Columbus. 


'*'  1 1 

ft-:. 


.•H 


P':i 


:;ii 


•O.IKDA,  WITH  AMKIiKJO  VKSl'L'f'CI,  AS  PASHENTJKIt,  FOL- 
J.OWS  COLUMIUTS;  I,ANI)IN(}  AT  SEVKIIAL  PLACKS, 
lU'T  WAS  ONIA'  WKF.L  HKCKIVKD  AT  AMAUACA- 
PANA,  "  WIIKUK  WK  WKRK  TREATED  LIKE  ANGELS." 

An  expedition  arrived  at  the  main-land  (1409), 
following  the  Admiral,  in  command  (jf  Alonzn  do 
(Ojeda,  who  had  with  him,  Amerigo  Vespucci.  Ojeda 
■wrote  a  concise  history  of  his  voyaj^e  along  the 
coast  of  Maracai)ana  or  Anunica,  and  this  has  been 
preserved  iix  an  old  S[)anish  hook;  from  which  wo 
have  taken  an  extract. 

It  is  the  work  of  V>on  Antonio  do  Herrora,  "  his- 
torian of  his  Majesty  of  India,  and  of  Spain,"  which 
he  calls  "general  history  of  the  West  Indies,  or 
lands  of  the  Si)aniards,  in  the  islands  and  main-land, 
on  the  Ocean  Sea." 


*  HumbolcU  Relations  liiNtoriques, 

'  Humboldt  Ui'l.itioiis  liiHtoriiiucs,  Vol,  I,  p.  3G1. 

^  Kuustiiianu  ami  Kohl  charts,  Am.  Oool.  Soc.  ami  Jomird,  etc.,  Astor  Library. 


.   " 


'41 1 


-f^ 


'■  ■  M 


38 


DISCOVERY  OF  THE  ORIGIN  OE  HIE 


After  rof erring  to  tlic  colonists  in  tho  West 
Indies;  several  of  whom,  said  Colundjiis;  were  nio.t 
undesirable  acquisitions,  he  begins  the  descri]»tion 
given  by  Ojeda,'  during  his  voyage  to  Amaraca- 
pana  : 

''There  arrived  at  tlie  Spanish  court,  Miguel  Bal- 
lester,  and  Garcia  de  Bai-rantes,  with  a  legal  ])rocess 
againsi  Francisco  Roldan  and  his  companions,  who 
also  sent  counsel  for  their  defense  " 

"  The  prosecution  charged;  that  lloldan  and  his 
followers  were  wicked  men,  vicious,  violent,  flirting 
terribly  with  the  women,  highwaymen,  and  hyjio- 
critos.  The  Counsel  of  Viceroy  Columbus  also 
averr-^d,  that  without  any  reason,  they  had  caused 
many  scandals  and  dangerous  affairs  in  the  Island 
(Haiti,  the  seat  of  Covernment).  They  also  refused 
obedience  to  the  admiralty,  and  resided  as  far  as 
possible  out  of  the  Governor's  jurisdiction;  in  order 
to  be  able  to  live  at  liberty,  and  to  conunit  the 
above-named  crimes;  wdierefore  tins  indictment  wns 
sent,  with  information  of  the  annoyance  they  had 
caused  since  theii-  arrival,  and  what  the  admiralty 
had  suffered  by  them,  as  well  as  the  impediments 
put  in  tho  way  of  the  prosecution  of  so  many  great 
discoveries,(wdiich  the  admiralty  had  begun  to  show), 
and  other  matters  of  nuich  service  to  tho  King. 
Roldan's  Counsel,  on  the  contrary,  complained  ter- 
ribly  of  the   Admiral,  and    the    admiralty,  calling 


»  Ucrrora,  Vol.  I,  p.  82. 


A^/.l/Zs   OF  AMERICA. 


39 


thoin  ci-iiel  tyrants,  wlio  tormented  i)eop]e  for  al- 
most notliing,  and  punished  them  as  it  tliey  were 
anxious  to  spill  Spanish  hlood,  and  that  one  could 
hardly  ask  for  anythin<;-  in  tlio  Empire  r>f  the  Indies, 
without  heing  locked  up;  because  they  did  not  wish 
anyone,  except  themselves;  to  work  the  gold  mines. 
They  also  made  many  other  charges,  to  hide  their 
disgrace  and  rebellion,  and  concluded  by  saying;  that 
these  circumstances  had  caused  them  to  refuse  to 
obey  the  Admiral;  who  wrote  a  very  long  letter  to 
tho  King,  abbi-eviating  many  things  that  had  hap- 
pened on  the  voyage,  complaining  of  his  misfortunes 
and  adversities;  and  adding,  that  counsel  foi-  the 
prosecution  and  defense,  would  sail  with  five  shii)s, 
bringing  slaves  " 

"  Great  was  he  satisfaction  of  thcii'  Majesties 
with  the  news  of  the  further  discovery  (the  Ameri- 
can  Continent),  made  by  the  Admiral,  and  with  the 
samples  of  pearls,  which  had  never  before  been 
found,  and  on  seeing  the  form  of  the  land  (in  the 
chart  sent  tliem  by  Colunibus)  which  gav(!  every  in- 
dication that  it  might  be  the  main-land  (of  India). 
Great  would  have  been  the  joy  at  Court,  if  the  news 
of  the  revolt  of  l^)ldan  had  not  accomi)anied  it  "' 
Alonzo  do  Ojeda.  at  that  tin.o  iu  the  City,  (he 


had  sailed  with   CV)lumbus  on  1 


lis  second  voyage). 


came  to  see  the  samples  of  gold  and  pearls,  beinj 
friend  of  Juan  Roderi(iuez  de  Fonseca— the  future 
Bishop  of  Toledo,— to  whom  applications  were  to  Ix^ 


i?;i! 


rJ!'" 


40 


DISCOVERY  OF  TJ/E  O  RIG  IN  OF  THE 


made  foi"  passports  to  India,  and  he  applied  for  one 
to  go  "anywhere,"  to  discover  islands  or  main-land, 
which  was  f^ranted  to  him;  excluding  the  possessions 
of  the  King  of  Portugal,  (wlio  had  already  much 
teri'itory  in  the  East  Indies),  and  the  discovery  of  the 
Admiral,  up  to  the  year  1405." 

"  80  many  people  wished  to  join  the  Expedition; 
that  four  ships  were  fitted  out,  and  Ojeda — who 
had  already  lived  for  some  time  in  the  West  Indies, — 
took  Juan  de  la  Cosa  Vizcano,  with  him  as  pilot, 
and  Amerigo  V(^spucci,  as  Merchant,  "because  he 
was  so  learned  in  navigation  and  universal  geogra- 
phy."^ 

"  They  sailed  (20th  May  140;)),— guided  by  a  copy 
of  the  chart  sent  home  by  Columbus- — and  steering 
westward  and  then  south,  arrived — after  a  passage 
of  twenty-six  days,— insight  of  land,  which  they  con- 
cluded was  a  continent,  observing  an  infinite  number 
of  naked  people,  who,  after  gazing  at  them,  appar- 
ently in  a  state  of  stupefaction,  fled  to  the  mount- 
ains, while  they  called  tlieni  in  vain  to  return." 

"  The  ships  were  anchored  on  the  open  shore,  and 
feaiing  a  storm  ;  it  was  decided  to  go  to  the  lower 
coast  in  searcii  of  a  harbor." 

"  After  coasting  f(3r  two  days,  tliey  found  a  good 
port,  where  a  large  number  of  people  came  to  see 
them.  Forty  soldiers  landed,  calhng  the  Indians  by 
signals,  showing  little  bells,  mirrors,  and  other  toys, 


llen'ora,  Vol.  I,  p.  HO. 


»  I'iedraliitu,  p.  aiC', 


V 


I'tC 


A'.I.U/-:  OF  AMERICA. 


41 


but  without  success.  At  length,  some  of  the  most 
courageous  surrounded  them,  to  whom  they  gave 
bells,  before  returning  on  board  for  the  night,  as  the 
Indians  retired  to  their  houses.  In  the  morning, 
the  shore  was  covered  with  people,  the  women  carry- 
ing children  in  their  arms  ;  who  were  very  quiet, 
and  while  the  Spaniards  were  rowing  ashore,  the 
natives ;  with  much  conlidence,  swam  out  to 
meet  them.  These  people  were  of  middle  height, 
well  i)roportioned,  broad  faces,  very  red  skin,  and 
only  wore  hair  on  the  head.  Either  sex  were  ex- 
tremely athletic,  and  expert  swimmers  and  warriors. 
They  taught  the  women  the  art  of  war;  so  that  they 
migh^  defend  themselves  against  those  of  another 
nation  who  were  fond  of  eating  people,  and  their 
only  battles  were  against  these.  There  were  few 
gold  mines  in  this  ])lace,  or  anything  else  of  value, 
but  nothing  could  liave  been  better  than  the  fertility 
of  their  lands." 

'*  Ojeda  sailed  along  the  low  coast,  stopping  on 
the  way,  and  trading  with  the  people." 

"  Finally,  he  arrived  at  a  ]^ort,  where  they  saw  a 
village  on  the  shore — called  .Maraca-ibo  by  the 
natives—"  which  had  twenty-six  large  houses  of 
bell  shape,  built  on  pillars  or  supports,  with  swinging 
bridges  leading  from  one  to  another ;  and  as  this 
looked  like  Venice  in  appearance,  he  gave  it  that 
name,  which  was  subse(piently  adopted  by  the  re- 
public of  Venezuela."' 


I 


■1 


ifc 


4a 


DISCOVERY  OF  I'llE  O RIG IX  OF  THE 


((  rin 


The  Indians  approached  the  vessels  and  re- 
turned very  much  frightened  ;  closing  the  bridges 
and  shutting  themselves  up  in  houses,  but  eventu- 
ally they  paddled  around  the  ships  in  twelv^e  canoes; 
gazing  at  them"— as  the  8i)aniards  said  "in  a  state 
of  stupefaction."  They  used  every  means  to  attract 
them  on  board,  but  an  unfortunate  accident  oc- 
curred quite  unexpectedly,  which  soon  darkened 
their  prosi)ects. " 

Making  signals  that  they  would  return,  and  row- 
ing ashore  towards  a  hill,  the  natives  came  back 
with  sixteen  young  ladies;  giving  four  to  each  one," 
— as  there  were  four  ships, — probably  to  each  of  the 
Captains. 

"The  streets  soon  became  crowded  with  people, 
but  none  ventured  near.  Some  of  the  old  women 
began  to  scream  and  pull  out  their  hair,  Avhcn  the 
young  ladies, — jumi)ing  overboard,  swam  towards 
the  shore,  while  the  Indians,  leaving  the  ships, 
entered  their  canoes,  and  paddling  away,  shot 
arrows  at  <^'  ;ir  visitors,  who  were  betv.-een  them 
in  their  boats." 

"  The  Spauiardc  swamped  some  of  the  canoes^ 
and  killed  twenty  natives;  also  wounding  many." 

"  They  cai>tured  two  young  ladies,  and  three 
men;  but  one  of  the  latter,  extricating  himself  dex- 
terously; jumi)ed  overboard." 

"  Sailing  along  three  hundred  and  twenty  miles  of 
the  low  coast,  toward  Paria — where  the  natives  had 


NA}rR  OF  AMERICA. 


4a 


different  manners, — they  saw  over  four  thousand 
naked  people  along  the  river  who  fled  in  terror  to 
the  mountains." 

Here  they  landed,  and  found  fish  drying  at  fires 
in  their  cabins,  wiiich  was  to  be  boiled,  cut  up,  made 
into  small  loaves,  baked  on  wood  fires,  and  used  a& 
bread." 

*'  There  was  an  abundance  of  fruit,  flowers,  and 
beautiful  birds  in  this  charming  place,  but  they 
were  determined  to  find  some  gulf  where  fresh 
water  was  to  be  had,  and  left  Paria,  for  the  isle  of 
Margarita,  where  Ojeda  landed,  and  coasted  from 
place  to  place." 

"  This  shore  had  already  been  discovered  by  the 
Admiral, who  knew  the  ground  and  mountain  ridges 
well,  in  fact  all  of  this  discovery  was  due  to  him,  as 
it  was  from  the  beginning  declared  to  the  King,  and 
yet  Ojeda  went  all  along  this  coast,  trading  for  gold 
and  pearls.  From  ]Vlargarita,  he  went  to  Cumana, 
and  Maraca-i)ana, which  is  two  hundred  and  seventy 
miles  from  the  island,  with  towns  all  along  the  sea- 
coast.  After  leaving  Cumana,  they  entered  a  large 
gulf,  which  was  surrounded  by  a  thickly  populated 
country,  but  a  river  flowed  into  it,  bringing  an  in- 
finite number  of  what  tlie  Spaniards  call  lizards,  and 
the  Indians  caymanes;  but  which  are  really  the 
crocodiles  of  the  Nile;  according  to  llie  most  reliable 
information,  and  this  being  unfavorable  for  the 
ships;    they  anchored  in  Maraca-pana  (Amaraca),. 


IK 


m 


^1 


L>'M 


44 


DISCOVERY  OF  THE  ORIGIN  OF  THE 


Ijiip 


<xnd  were  well  received,  and  served  as  if  they  were 
angels,  by  the  great  number  of  people  of  tbis  dis- 
trict." "We  discbarged  tbc  sbips' cargoes  and  re- 
paired tliem,  aided  by  tbe  inliabitants.  We  re- 
mained bore  tbirty-six  days,  and  all  tbis  time;  tbe 
Inrlians  treated  .us  to  tbeir  bread,  venison,  fisb;  and 
tbe  food  was  so  good:  tbat  ever  after,  wben  we 
could  not  get  it,  we  wisbed  to  return  borne.'" 

"During  tbis  time  tliey  went  inland  from  town  to 
town,  receiving  mucli  bospitality;  and  wben  about 
to  return  to  Spain,  some  of  the  Indians  complained 
bitterly  of  the  people  of  a  certain  isle,"  (tbe  Caribs) 
''  who  frequently  surprised  and  eat  tbem.  'j'bis  was 
related  so  vividly,  tbat  tbe  Spaniards  offered  to  re- 
taliate, although  refusing  to  accede  to  tbeir  request 
to  be  permitted  to  join  them;  whereon  tbe  Indians 
insisted  on  accompanying  them  in  their  own  boats, 
unless  they  promised  to  return." 

"  During  tb(^  fust  week  after  tbeir  departure, 
many  isles  were  discovered;  some  of  which  were  in- 
habited, and  observing  along  a  river,  four  hundred 
Indians — whose  bodies  were  painted  many  colors — 
armed  with  bows,  arrows,  and  shields,  they  proceeded 
towards  the  shore,  but  before  they  bad  time  to 
land,  tbe  Indians  surrounded  the  boats  and  tired, 
to  which  the  Castilians  replied  with  guns  and  artil- 
lery, killing  many,  while  the  others  fled." 

"Tbe  natives  renewed  tbe  attack,  after  landing — 
fighting  courageously  for  two  hours, — but  the  guns 


NAME  OF  AMERICA. 


45 


were  too  much  for  thoni,  and  they  retired  to  tlio 
mountains." 

"  Next  morning,  fifty-six  .Si)aniards  landed,  and 
forming  four  lines,  with  a  Captain  for  each,  made  the 
most  vigorous  attack  on  them — killing  an  inunense 
liumber — until  they  finally  fled,  pursued  to  a  town 
where  twenty-six  were  captured  ;  but  one  Span- 
iard was  killed  and  twenty  were  Avounded.  These 
people  were  the  Caribs;  wliom  they  wished  to  pun- 
ish for  the  sake  of  their  good  friends,  and  having 
accomplished  their  object,  they  set  sail  homewards 
and  finally  reached  Spain." 

We  find  from  the  foregoing  history,  that  after 
searching  the  entire  coast,  the  only  place  where 
they  found  a  safe  harbour,  fresh  water,  good  food 
and  hospitality  ;  was  Aniaraca — which  probably 
accounts  for  its  having  been  the  first  settlement  on 
the  mainland  according  to  Baron  de  Humboldt. 

The  excitement  continued  unabated  in  Spain, 
where  several  expeditions  were  spoken  of.  The  gold 
and  pearls  sent  by  Columbus,  which  he  had  collected 
on  the  coast  of  Aniaraca-pana,  had  caused  the  great- 
est cariosity,  and,  John  Eoderiquez  de  Fonseca,  who 
had  been  appointed  by  the  Crown,  receiver  of  ap])li- 
cations  for  i)assports,  and  given  the  map  of  th(,' 
coast  which  was  sent  by  the  Admiral  to  the  govern- 
ment; was  besieged  by  navigators  who  wished  to  see 
the  chart  of  the  country  where  these  treasures  had 
been  collected. 


.^i2:S^SwT,3;a 


•in 


DISCOVERY  or  THE  ORiaiX  OE  THE 


k. 


Nina,  and  Guori-a,  sailed  for  America  a  month 
after  Ojeda,  (iiavi^atinj;  as  he  did,  with  a  copy  of 
tlio  Admiral's  map;')  and  ariived  on  the  coast  of 
Ania7'ac((\yd\\a,  a  few  days  after  ho  had  sailed." 

On  ()jeda's  retnrn  to  Spain,  lie  reported  the 
arrival  of  Enj^lish  vessels,  and  got  permission  (ir/»l), 
to  colonize  and  govern  at  his  own  expense,  the 
island  of  Cocpdvacoa.''  The  place  however,  as  shown 
on  onr  map,  was  a  small  isthmns  and  not  an  isle. 

He  induced  J  nan  de  Veigara,'  and  Crarcia  de 
Ocanipo  to  join  him,  and  provide  the  money.  They 
sailed  in  1502,  and  reaching  the  gulf  of  Paria,  traded 
along  the  coast  of  ^imaraca-\)ani\,  until  coming  to 
some  cultivated  land  in  a  beautiful  Valley,  which 
was  so  named  by  Ojeda'  and  also  spoken  of  as 
farmed  by  Columbus. "  It  is  today  in  the  province 
of  Barcelona,  formerly  the  port  of  Amaraca-pana, 
for  which  the  pioneers  sailed,"  and  is  no  doubt  the 
place  referred  to  by  Sir  Walt(n-  Kaleigh.  as  the 
*'  bewtiful  valley  of  Ameriocn  xmna.'''"^  Seizing  what- 
ever they  wanted  here ;  while  Vergara  sailed  to 
Jamaica  for  provisions,  with  orders  to  join  the  fleet 
at  Maraca-ibo,  Ojeda,  selected  a  place  for  the  center 


>  Piodralilta  p.  310.    Navaireto,  Vol.  III.  =  Herr.Ta. 

3  N'avarroto  ColLCcion,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  K,">  \-  hO.  ■>  Navanvto,  Vol.  III.,  p.  01. 

■*  Navarnto,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  SCi.     "  Navairito,  Vol.  1.,  p.  2I'.i.     ■  Kobl  Maracapana. 

"  Sir  Waltor  lUlcinh.  "The  ilisi'overif  ot  the  largo  .'^-  bowtif\il  Kiiipiro,  (jto." 
OjiHla  aai<l  that  tlio  natives  told  him  that  tho  nimii'  of  iho  lii-aiitiful  valli'.v  waa 
Cumaua.     lu  tUo  Amerioau  language  (calloil  (Jiiirhiia),  iiiiuani,  moans  boautilul.* 


*  Del  Canto.    Arte  y  vocabulario. 


A"./.]//;  OF  A  Ml:  RICA. 


47 


of  liisijjovornorshil),  cjilling  it  '*  Holy  cross,'''  l>ut  the 
natives  wero  so  hostile  ;  that  food  could  not  be  col- 
lected in  the  neighborhood,  and  X'crgara  leturned 
with  only  a  small  supply  of  provisions,  while  the 
loading  Colonists— concluding  that  Ojeda  ;  who  had 
been  previously  to  these  places,  niisi-eprcsented  their 
advantages  or  rathei'  their  disadvantages — began 
quarrelling,  which  resulted  in  his  seizure  by  the  two 
partners  who  had  found  the  money — and  shipment 
to  Haiti. 

Cohunbus,  who  had  been  nearly  two  years  in 
Spain,  sailed  on  his  fourth  and  last  voyage  (0  May, 
ir)02),  with  his  bi'other  and  son,  to  find  the  land  of 
gold,  and  reaching  the  West  Indies  ;  steered  for  the 
hidden  treasures  towards  Mexico,  which  stoppt^d  his 
passage,  as  they  only  found  a  gulf.  The  natives  told 
them  of  nations  still  further  west  abounding  in  gold 
and  copper.  An  old  Indian,— who  made  a  map  of 
the  coast — went  with  him,  and  landing  at  Hon- 
duras, they  heard  of  a  rich  and  populous  country 
over  the  mountains  ;  where  the  women  wore  i)earls 
and  corals, — which  they  called  Rich  Coast  or  Costa 
liico, — and  the  people  gave  him  the  gold  i)lates  they 
wore,  in  exchange  for  trinkets.  His  (|uaint  style  of 
letter,  written  to  their  Majesties  as  to  his  adventures 
on  this  voyage,  runs  thus:—"  When  I  was  young,  I 
had  many  hairbreadth  escapes  with  my  life.  T  arrived 
at  Cariay,  where  I  stayed  to  rei>air  the  ships  and 

'  Suntu  Cruz. 


'ii^,^:^ 


t^'. 


48 


DlSCOl'liRY  OF  'I HE  0 RIG IX  OF  77/F 


boats,  and  to  allow  our  pooplo  to  rest,  as  tli(\y  wore 
much  fatigued.  T,  as  I  say,  had  arrived  many  tiuios 
at  tho  door  of  death. '' 

"  Knowing  of  the  gold  nn'nes  of  the  province  of 
Chimba,  which  I  seeked,  I  took  two  Indians  with 
me  to  Caramharu,  when;  the  naked  i)eoi>le  wore 
gold  mirrors  around  their  necks,  but  tlict/  wouhl  not 
sell  or  exchau(je  them  !  *' 

"  Tliey  gave  me  the  names  of  many  places  on 
the  sea  coast,  where  they  said  there  were  nunes. 
The  last  they  named  was  Veragua  which  is  far 
from  here,  about  250  miles,  I  left  with  the  intention 
of  trying  to  get  there  at  all  hazards,  and  arriving  at 
noon,  I  learned  that  they  had  mines  about  two  days' 
journey,  but,  on  the  evening  of  St,  Simon  and  Judas, 
when  I  intended  going,  there  arose  in  tho  night  so 
much  wind  and  sea;  that  I  had  to  run  the  ship  for 
wherever  I  could.  I  had  the  Indian  chief  of  the 
mines  always  with  me.  All  these  places  where  1 
have  been;  only  prove  to  me  what  I  have  lieard  of 
them.  At  Ciguare,  they  say  they  have  no  end  of 
gold  ;  the  people  wearing  corals  on  their  heads, 
bracelets  to  the  feet,  and  on  their  arms;  and  plenty 
of  them.  Their  cliairs,  boxes  and  tables  are  adorned 
with  them.  I  would  be  satisfied  to  see  the  tenth 
part  of  what  they  tell  me.  They  say  that  the  coast 
is  shallow  at  Ciguare,  and  at  ten  days'  sail  from 
there,  is  the  river  Gauges!^''  (East  Indies.) 

Columbus    endeavored    to    make    the     national 


XAML  or  AMERliJA. 


40 


names  agree  with  the  Asiatic  places  mentioned  hy 
^[arco  Polo,  which  he  was  looking  for,  so  that  as 
may  he  observed  on  our  map— the  gold  mountains 
of  Ciamha' appear  in  Asia,  and  also  in  America,' and 
the  nearest  sea  port  to  them  is  Moraca-i)ana,  which 
was  a  transformation  of  the  name  of  Amaraca-i)ana 
or  America;  in  oi'der  to  give  it  some  resend)lance  to 
Mangi  (see  map).  After  two  years  of  disa|»point- 
ment  in  his  search  for  Japan,  where  the  gold  grew; 
Columl)US  sailed  for  S[iaiii  (12  Sep.  l.")04),  with  a 
valuable  cargo;  although  not  laden  with  the  long 
expected  shii)ment  of  gold,  which  cooled  the  enti-r- 
prising  s[»irit  of  intending  colonists  for  some  years. 

The  modern  description  of  Amaracapana,  agrees 
identically  with  the  history  of  it;  from  the  early 
colonists. 

It  is  now  the  province  of  Barcelona;^  one  of  the 
states  of  Venezuela,  divided  into  nine  cantons,  and 
bounded  on  the  north,  by  the  Carribean  Sea,  and 
by  the  river  Orenoco  on  the  south. 

Excepting  a  belt  of  hills  bordering  on  the  coast; 
wdiere  there  are  excellent  arable  lands,  and  Dm  best 
plautaticis  in  the  state,  the  face  of  the  country  is 
composed  of  low  plains,  and  extensive  plateaus ; 
offering  fine  pasturage  for  cattle,  horses,  and 
mules.  ^ 


r 


'  ap.  Ptolemaeua,  I'lOS.  =  Navarrete  Vol.  I.  '  nyi.  Meroater,  1541. 

*  Kohl  Die  bcldeu  atlesteu.  -'  Amur.  Eucyclo. 


50 


n/scoy/.hv  01-  ////■:  (>a7(,7X  or  ////■: 


sii{  \VAi;ri;i{  KAi^KKni  finds  imk  vai.lkv  of  AMKmrA- 

I'ANA. 

As  Sir  \Viilt«.'r  l\al«M^li  is  iho  only  antlior  who 
Ihas — as  far  as  we  know — correctly  y^w.nx  tlic  iiativo 
name  of  Iho  coast  of  America,  th'st  visited  hy  Colum- 
bus, Avu  will  recall  the  chief  incidents  (jf  liis  extra- 
ordinary career,  iii>  to  the  period  of  this  voyage,  as 
evidence  of  experience;  which  ouj;ht  to  have  enabled 
liim  to  f;.'t  the  best  information. 

At  the  ago  of  seventeen,  Mr.  I'aleij;h  left  ( )iiel 
College,  Oxford  (15(!*J),  \o  join  some  volunteers,  sent 
to  assist  tlu!  French  huguenots.     Sometime  later,  he  ^ 
served  in  Jicdland,  and  on  returning  to  London  fjoiii'-'d 
his  lialf-hrother,  Sir  IIumi)hrey  Gilhcrt,  in  an  expe- 
dition il57S),  for  which  he  had  obtained  a  patent,  to 
establish  a  plantation  in  the  Western  world, — but  one 
of  the  ships  waslost;  and  the  others  being  disabled  in 
an  engagement  with  the  Sjtaniards;  they  did  not  coni- 
l)lete  the  voyage.     Soon  after  his  return  to  London 
from  Ireland — wliere  be  was  in  conunand  of  a  regi- 
ment, sent  to  subdue  tbo  Desmond  insurrection— a 
courteous  deed — for   which    he  had  to   thank  the 
weather — led  him  toward  a  careei-  of   fame.      He 
had   observed   Queen   Elizabeth   approaching ;    and 
throwing  his  cloak  over  a  damii  part  of  the  foot- 
path so  that   Her  Majesty  might   proceed;  his  gal- 
lantry  was    n'warded    by   a   conunand    to  appear 
at   Court,    and    he   was    afterwaids    conmiissioned 


NAME  or  AMERICA. 


atttMidiiiit  oil  tliu  l"'ivii(li  ambassador,  IjoIoio  hoiiij^ 
appointed  escort  to  the  Diiko  of  Anjoii.  ■\ri'.  Kalei^h 
obtained  ]ioiiuission  for  another  «'X[H'(lition  west 
wards,  in  coMunnnd  of  wliidi.  Sir  ITinnpbrcy  nilbert 


":^ 


H.M.EK.Il    MUKAhlNir    1U>    MANII.E   IIKIOIIE  TIIK   (;l  1:kS. 


lal- 
^ar 
ed 


was  lost;  after  taking  possession  of  Xcwfonndland 
for  the  Crown.  Sending  soon  again,  tiicy  discovered 
the  coast  which  he  called  after  the  \'irgin  Queen 
(Virginia),  who  knighted  him. 

He  then  dispatched  colonists  (15^5),  but  they  re- 


52 


nrSCOVERY  of  IIIE  OA'/C/N  of  TlfF. 


turned  with  Sir  Francis  Drake,  introducing  the  rirst 
potato  and  tobacco  leaf  to  Euro[)e,  and  drinking 
smoke— as  they  called  it — soon  became  fashionable. 
Kaloigh'  adopted  and  encomaged  its  use  in  Eng- 
land, and  very  soon  the  habit  became  so  widespread; 
that  tlio  demand  exceeded  the  supply.  It  was 
the  stai>lo  product  of  Mrginia,  and  a  bond  of  union 


iiiK  WAiint  i)i;(  uii;i>. 


between  England  and  some  of  her  American  colonies, 
as  well  as  a  source  of  much  revenue.  It  is  said  that 
Queen  Elizabeth  became  EaleiglTs  apt  pupil  in  the 
art  of  smoking  tobacco.  One  day  while  licr  llaje^ty 
and  two  or  three  others  were  indulging  in  the  habit, 
Ealeigh  offered  a  wager  that  he  would  ascertain 
the  weigiit  o*    smoke  that   should    issue  from    the 


1  Our  Colli. try,  Vil.  1,  y.  Hit. 


^1 


NAME  OF  AMERICA. 


53 


I 


royal  lips  in  a  given  timo.  Tlie  Queen  accepted 
the  challenge,  ivaleigli  weighed  the  tohacco  to  be 
put  in  the  i»ii)e,  and  afterwards  the  ashes  that  re- 
mained in  it;  the  difference  being,  said  he,  the 
■weight  of  the  smoke.  The  Queen,  laughing,  ac- 
knowledged that  ho  liad  won  the  wager,  and  said  he 
was  i)robably  the  first  alchemist  who  had  succeeded 
in  turning  smoke  into  gold. 

Two  years  later,  he  sent  another  expedition — w^as 
created  Lieutenant-General  of  Cornwall,  Member 
of  the  Council  of  wai-,  and  placinl  in  command  of 
the  army  stationed  at  the  Lands-end,  where  a  Spanish 
invasion  was  expected.  After  this,  commanding  a 
vessel  of  his  own,  he  sailed  with  Sir  Francis  Drake's 
fleet  to  reinstate  the  King  of  Portugal,  whose  domin- 
ion was  seized  by  Spain,  claiming  the  right  of  suc- 
cession to  that  crown, — and  Raleigh  captured  some 
of  the  Spanish  navy  on  route  to  invade  p]ngland. 
A  year  later,  he  commanded  a  fleet  of  thirteen 
vessels  (1500);  intending  to  seize  the  Spanish  West 
Indies,  and  took  the  most  valuable  Castilian  ])rizo 
ever  brought  to  Britain,  but  next  year  alas  I  a  maid 
of  honor — whom  lu^  married  ((/"/r/- a  dreadful  flirta- 
tion— brought  him  banishment  from  Court,  and  two 
months  of  imprisonment;  where  he  ])lanned  the  ex- 
pedition; of  whicii  he  wiote  a  woik  on  his  return; 
and  from  this  wt>  s  ibjoin  an  extract. 

The  editor  of  the  edition  of  1^41,  tells  us  that, 
*'  As  H.  M's  commissioner  to  survey  the  boundaries 


k 


54 


DISCOVERY  OF  THE  ORIGIN  OF  THE 


of  British  Guinea,  I  explored  in  1S41,  that  wondrous 
delta  of  tlie  Orenoco.  I  traversed  the  regions  which 
Keymis  describes,  as  the  site  of  thatgordeous  capitol 
of  El  Dorado,  (Cundin-Amarca)  with  the  sealike 
lake  enlivened  by  its  multitudes  of  Canoes.  What 
wonder  therefore  that  I  should  read  Raleigh's  de- 
scriptions— expressed  with  such  force  and  elegance 
— with  the  greatest  delight."  Sir  Walter's  book 
was  written  in  loJMi,  and  is  entitled  "  The  discouerie 
of  the  laige,  rich,  and  bewtiful  Empire  of  Guiana, 
with  a  relation  of  the  greate  and  golden  citie  of 
Manoa."  "performed  in  the  yeare  ].")Ur>,  by  Sir 
Walter  Kaleigh." 

"  The  greate  and  golden  citie,  which  the  Span- 
yardes  call  El  Dorado, '  and  the  naturals  IManoa;  which 
Citie  was  conquered,  reedified,  and  inlarged,  by  a 
younger  sonne  of  Guainacapa,  Emperor  of  Peru,  at 
such  time  as  Francisco  Pizaro  and  others,  concjuered 
the  saide  Empire  from  his  two  elder  brethren:  both 
of  whom  contending  for  the  same,  the  one  beeing 
favored  l)y  the  oreiones'  of  Guzco.  au'^  tb<'  otbei'  by 
the  people  of  Cax-Amalca  (America)."" 

"  Wee  arviued  at  Trinidado  22  March,  casting 
ancour  at  Point  Q\\\'vci-imn.  Wee  abode  there  four 
or  five  daies,  and  all  that  time,  came  wo  not  to  the 
speach  of  the  Indian  or  Si>;ininr(l."'  After  naming 
several  places  he  continues  : — 

"Some Spaniardes come abord of  ns tobuy  lyimen 


•nict,'(ii.i.ii. 


•-■  ■)  he  llnliility. 


a: /.I//;   OF  AMERICA. 


55 


of   the   coni))any,   and  sucli   other  tliingos  as  thoy 
wanted,  and  also  to  view  onr  shippes  and  company, 
all  which  I  entertained  kindly,  and  feasted  after  our 
manner  :  hy  meanes  whereof,  I  learned  of  one  and 
another,  as  much  of  the  estate  of  Guiana  as  I  could, 
or  as  they  knew,  for  these  poore  souldiers  havin*;- 
beene  many  yeares  without  wine,  a  few  dranghtes 
made  them  merry,  in  which  moode  they  vaunted  of 
Guiana  and  of  the  riches  thereof,  and  all  what  they 
knew  of  the  waies  and  passages,  my  selfe  seeing 
seeming  to  purpose,  nothing  less  then  the  enterance 
or  discoverie  thereof,  hut  I  hi-ed  in  them  an  <)])inion, 
that  I  was  hound  onely  for  the  relic  fe  of  those;  En- 
glish, wiiich  I  had  planted  i'l  Viigiriia,  whereof  the 
hrute  was  come  among  them,  T  found  occasions  of 
staying  in  this  place  for  two  causes  :  the  one  was  to 
be  revenged  of  Berreo,   who,  the  ycvare  ht^fore,   he- 
traied  'S  of  Gaptaine   Whiddon's  men  :  in  whose  ab- 
sence Berreo  sent  a  canoa  al>oard  the  pinnace,  only 
with  Indians  and  dogs,  inviting  the  company  to  goo 
with  them  into  the  wods  Uy  kil  a  deare,  who  like 
wine  men  in  the  absence  of  tlieir  cai)taine.  followed 
the   Indians,    but  weie  no  soonin-  one  harquebusli 
shot  from  the  shore,  but  Berreo's  souldiers  lying  in 
and)ush,  had  them  all,  notwithstanding  that  he  ha<l 
given  his  Avorde   to  Gaptaine  \\  hiddon,   that  they 
should  take  watei'  and  wood  safelie  :  the  other  cause 
of    my  stay  was,   for,  that   by  discourse  with  the 
Spaniards,  I  daily  learned  move  and  more  of  CJuiana, 


5G 


DlSCOl'ERY  OF  IdE  Oh'/(;/X  OF  77/ E 


of  the  rivers  and  passages,  and  of  the  enterprise  of 
Berreo,  hy  what  ineanes  or  fault  he  failed,'  and  how 
lie  meant  to  prosecute  the  same," 

''While  we  thus  spent  the  lime,  I  was  assured 
by  another  cassique  (chief)  of  the  north  side  of  the 
island,  that  Berreo  had  sent  to  Margnerita,  and  to 
Cumana  for  sonldiers,  meaning  to  have  given  me  a 
**  t'«.s',s'0(7o  "  at  parting,  if  it  had  bin  possible.  So  as 
both  to  be  revenged  of  the  former  wrong,  as  also 
considering;  that  to  enter  Guiana  by  small  boats,  to 
depart  -loO  or  500  miles  from  my  ships,  and  to  leave 
a  garisou  iu  my  backe,  interessedin  the  same  enter- 
])rize,  who  also  daily  expected  sup[)lies  out  of  Spaine, 
1  should  have  savoured  veiy  much  of  the  Asse  :  and 
therefore  taking  a  time  of  most  advantage,  I  set 
ui)on  the  guard  in  the  evening,  and  having  jmt  them 
to  the  sword,  sent  Captaine  Calfcild  onwards  with 
00  sonldiers,  and  my  selfe  followed  with  4o  more, 
and  so  tola;  their  now  city;  which  tliey  called  St. 
Joseph,  by  breake  of  day  :  tliey  abode  not  any  fight 
after  a  few  shot,  and  al  being  (hsmisscd.  but  onely 
Berreo  and  his  companion,  I  brought  them  v/itli  me 
abord,  and  at  the  instance  of  tl:o  Indians,  I  set  their 
new  city  of  S.  Toseplrs  on  fire.'' 

"  We  then  hastened  away  towards  our  purposed 
discouery,  and  first,  1  called  all  the  captaines  of  the 
iland  together,  that  were  ennemies  to  the  Si)aniards, 


'  Ilf  li.iil  gnftcii  ii]i  iiii  cxiiedition  with  70(1  liorfpn  t.i  ivacli  tlii>  jjnldrn  city  In 
tlio  Kiutjiliiiii  uf  C'\iiuUii-Ainai\a  wlnrc  he  liviil.— rurtlius  eilu.  lilH,  ii.  10;iH. 


NAME  OF  AMERICA. 


57 


and  by  my  Iiidinn  interpreter,  made  them  iiiider- 
staiid  that  I  was  a  seriiant  of  a  Queene,  who  was  a 
great  Casi(jiie  of  the  North,  and  a  Virgin,  and  had 
more  Casicjui  under  her,  than  there  were  trees  in 
+lieir  iland  :  and  tliat  she  was  an  enemy  to  tlio 
Spaniards — in  respect  to  their  tyranny  and  oppres- 
sion, and  that  she  had  delivered  all  such  nations 
about  her,  as  were  by  tlieni  oppressed,  and  liaving 
freed  all  tlie  coast  of  the  northern  world  from  their 
seruitude,  had  sent  me  to  free  them  also,  and  withal; 
to  defend  the  countrey  of  Guiana  fiom  their  invasion 
and  con(iuest.  I  shewed  them  lier  maiestie's  i)icture, 
which  they  so  admired  and  honored,  as  it  had  beene 
easie  to  have  brought  them  idolatrous  thereof.  The 
like  and  a  more  largo  discourse,  I  made  to  the  rest  of 
the  nations  in  my  passing  to  Guiana,  and  to  those 
of  the  borders.  This  done;  wee  returned  to  Curia- 
pan,  and  haviiiJ?  Berreo  my  i)risoner,  I  gathered 
from  him,  as  much  of  Guiana  as  he  knewe." 

"  This  Berreo  is  a  Gent,  well  descended,  and  had 
long  serued  th(^  S])anisli  King  in  ^Millain  (]\Iilan), 
Naples,  the  lowe  countries  (Tfollandi,  and  else  where, 
v<>ry  valiant  and  liberall,  and  a  (ient.  of  greate  as- 
surednes,  and  of  a  great  heart  :  I  used  him  accord- 
ing to  his  estate  and  worth  in  all  things  T  could,  ac- 
cording to  the  smalle  means  I  had,"  8i)eaking  of 
the  supposed  treasures  of  Guiana,  Haleigh  says: — 
*'  Whatsoueuer  Prince  shall  possess  it,  shalbe  Lordo 
of  more  gold  and  a  more  beautifull  Kmi)ire,  and  of 


58 


DISCOVERY  OF  THE  OK/CfX  OF  THE 


more  cities  and  peoi)lo;  than  oytbor  the  King^ 
of  Si)ayno,  or  the  G irate  Turk.  But  because  there 
arriso  many  doubtes,  and  liow  this  Empire  is  become 
so  populous,  and  adorned  with  so  manie  greate 
cities,  tovvnes,  temples,  and  tbreasnres,  I  thought 
good  to  make  it  knowen,  that  the  Emperor  now 
reigning,  is  descended  from  these  magnificent  Princes 
of  Peru,  of  whose  large  territories,  of  whose  pollieies^ 
conquests,  edifices  and  riches,  manie  bave  written 
large  discourses  :  for  when  the  Si)aniards  contiuored 
the  saide  Empire  of  Peru,  and  had  put  to  death 
Atabalii)a,'  wjiich  liad  formerly  caused  his  elder 
brother  Guascar-  to  be  slaine,  one  of  his  younger 
brothers  fled  out  of  Peru,  and  tooke  with  him  many 
thousands  of  those  sonldiers  of  the  Enn.>ire,  called 
Oreiones  (noblemen),  and  with  these,  and  many 
others  which  followed  him,  he  viuKpiished  al  that 
tract  and  valley  of  AmiM-ica,"  situated  between  the 
rivers  Orenoco  and  Amazon."' 


'   Vtiiluiiilpa.  -  Iluasciir. 

^  rn  Sir  Uobt.  SclioiubiirHk's  miip:  attachod  to  Haloisli's  wnrk,  tlii' Valley  of 
Amerioca- liana,  Is  botwccii  tin;  rivers  roferroil  to,  but  tlic  name  America,  w.as 
tjivcti  to  the  maililaiul:  from  Amaraca  or  Amprica— tlie  first  Spaiiisli  seitliMneiit — 
wbos(>  jieople  treateil  tbeiii  "as  if  tliey  were  angels"  while  the  otlierB  at- 
taeked  them.  JFany  authors;  unaware  that  America  was  the  national  name  of  tho 
Southern  Continent,  c  uiM  not  umlerslaml  thi'  Spanish  jiioneers,  who  t;ave  this 
unmo  to  several  placps  on  tln^  coast,  and  carto.;rai>hers  hotly  disputed  the  cjuestion; 
iis  to  whicli  was  correct,  without  fimUnn  that  tliey  all  were*  The  coast  which 
Navarreto  says,  Columbus  first  visited;  Is  the  valley  of  America  of  IlaloiKh.  Pur- 
chas'  Kditlon  of  i(J14,  \\.  h:!0,  which  ijuotes  Lerius,  Stalius  and  others,  says  that  the 
Itra/ilians  have  a  Miraca  or  Tamaraka,  which  is  their  househohl  <Tod.  On  the  sanio 
page.  111'  re''ers  to  Vespucci's  voya^'c  to  Hra/il.  The  map  of  IMlH.  placi'S  the  isle  of 
Tamuriuiua,  thousands  of  mih's  away  from  lirazil  on  the  coast  of  Amaraca-patia.   lu 


See  Kohl.  Maracapaua. 


X,1^rF.  OF  AMERICA. 


5& 


At  anotlior  i)art'  lie  writes:  "I  sent  Captaino 
Koymis  with  six  sliotto  to  goe  on,  and  to  march 
(lowne  the  saido  valley  as  farre  as  tlie  river  called 
Cuniaca,-  wh(>re  I  promised  to  meet  him  aj^aine,  and 
as  they  marched,  they  left  the  townes  of  P^mpare- 
2)ana,  and  Capure-p«>m,  on  tlie  righto  hande,  and 
marched  downe  the  saide  valley  of  Amarioca-7)a»o, 
and  we,  returning  the  same  dale  to  the  river's  side, 
sawe  hy  the  way  many  rockes,  like  nnto  golde  oare, 
and  on  the  left  hand,  a  ronnde  mountain  which  con- 
sisted of  minorall  stone." 

"  After  I  had  disi)lanted  Don  Antonio  de  Ben-eo, 
(Spanish  GJovei-nor  of  Trinidad,)  who  was  on  the  same 


file  niiiii  (if  St  Dii',  where  the  proposition  emsinatfd  to  call  America  after  Vespucci, 
an  isle  is  placcil  besiili;  TaiiiaiaK'ia.  iianicil  Isle  of  Jirazil.  AVe  observe  on  modern 
maps,  tlie  isle  of  Maraia  near  tlii'  mouth  of  the  Aiiiazou  in  lirazil.  This  is  circum- 
stantial evidence,  that  fin;  St.  Iiir  people;  who  ^ot  their  int'oiiiiation  from  Vespucci, 
lia<l  heard  of  the  port  of  AniiiiMca-iiana — where  <  •jeda  was  s  i  hospitably  received, 
when  Vespucci  wiis  with  him—  and  also  of  the  Marac.i,  or  Amaraka,  of  Brazil,  and  so 
they  place  the  island  of  Aniaraca  in  lirazil,  on  the  coast  of  Amaraia-iiaiia— and  it 
was  evidently,  this  similarity  of  name  with  Amerigo — called  Morigo  by  Ojoda — 
that  led  thcni  to  suppose,  that,  the  name  caiuf  from  him. 

The  Ptolemy  nia))  of  I'St,  places  the  sujiposed  I's/fiof  lirazil.  in  tlu!  Atlantic  ocean, 
nearer  to  Knt.daiid  than  America,  ..hich  name  apprars  on  the  Continent,  in  the 
.isaHir' latitude  and  longitude^  as  Ayniarca.  t  'I'he  same  evidence  occurs  in  I'tolemy 
of  IT):!.-). 

The  name  of  the  lirazilian  <;od  Tamaraka:  explains  the  proximity  of  the  isles 
of  IJrazil  ami  Tamarfjua,  in  the  st  IJie  ujap  of  l."di!. 

The  prophets  of  the  Itrazllians  were  the  Caribs  X  whose  god  was  Uiia-Amararan. 

The  rtolemy  map  of  154(1, S  states  tiiat  the  new  world  is  I'iilled  Hrazil,  and 
America;  ami  they  also  place  it  in  the  latitude  and  longitude  of  thi^  native  district  of 
Atimitriicii.  Then  comes  Mercater,  Ill■^:t  yi.'ur,  who  phices  the  name  of  America  over 
the  entire  continent. 

*  There  is  no  longitude  on  these  maps  but  wi;  taki'  that  of  Hayti;  which  is 
placed  in  a  line  with  it. 

t  Itakluyt,  map  of  I'lru. 

+  Purchas  ed.  lCd4  p   HW). 

§  Map  XVII.  "  OrbiB,  Insula  Atlautica  quam  uocant  Hrasilii  et  Americaiu." 


'  p.  99. 


-  No  doubt  the  river  Cumana  on  the  Coast  of  .\maracapana. 


€0 


D/SCOVF.A'Y  O/'   THE  OR/GJ.V  OF  T/fE 


•cnterpi'i^*',  leaning  my  sliips  at  Trinodado,  I  waii- 
dei'od  4oo  miles  into  the  said  countrv,  by  land  and 
river.  The  country  hath  more  ((uantity  of  gold  by 
manifolded  than  the  best  partes  of  the  Indies  or  Peru. 
The  King  of  Spaino  is  not  so  impoverished  by  taking 
three  or  four  towncs  in  America  as  we  supi)0se, 
ueitlier  arc  the  riches  of  Peru,  or  Nueva  Esjiania,  so 
left  by  the  seaside,  as  it  can  bo  easily  washt  awaie 
with  a  great  flood  or  spring  tide,  or  left  to  drie  u])on 
the  sandes  on  alowe  ebbe,  and  we  might  thinke  the 
Spaniardes  verie  simple;  having  so  manie  horses  and 
slaues, (slaves)  that  if  they  coulde  not,  upon  two  dales' 
warning,  carrieall  thogolde  they  have  into  the  land, 
and  farre  enough  from  the  reach  of  our  footmen, 
especiallie  the  Indies;  being  so  mountainous,  so  full 
of  woods,  rivers,  and  mairshes.  If  we  take  the 
ports  and  villages  within  the  bay  of  Uritha  etc., 
they  have  golde  enough  to  paye  the  Kinge  part,  and 
are  not  easily  invaded  by  way  of  the  Ocean.  Peru 
hath  besides  those,  and  besides  the  magnificent  cities 
of  Quito,  and  Lima,  so  many  Islands,  ports,  cities, 
and  mines,  as  if  I  should  name  them  with  the  rest, 
it  would  seem  incredible  to  the  reader." 

"Tlie  first  that  ever  sawo  Manoa,  was  lohannes 
Martynes,'  master  of  the  nnmition  to  Ordace,  who 
departed  Spaine  with  six  hundred  soldiers  and  thirty 
horse,  who  arriving  on  the  coaste  of  Guiana,  was 


1  Many  autbors  l)flirv(>  ;Mai'tyiiPR'  story  In  bo  an  invoiitidii,  Imt  tlio  (jold  ob. 
taineil  lit  Cax-amiiroa  looked  nuich  more  like  a  fablo,  except  to  those  who  received  it. 


NAME  OF  AMERICA. 


01 


sialic  ill  a  mutaiiy,  with  the  most  part  of  such  as 
fauoiu'oil  him,  as  also  of  the  rohellioiis  part,  in  so 
much  as  his  shii)s  perished,  and  lew  or  none  ro- 
tourned,  neither  was  it  certainly  known  what  he- 
came  of  the  saide  Ordace,  untiU  Berreo  (Governor 
of  Triiii(hid)  found  the  ankor  of  his  shij)  in  the  river 
of  Orenoque,  hut  it  was  suitposed,  and  so  it  was 
written  hy  Lopez,  that  it  was  on  the  seas,  and  of 
other  writers  diversely  conceived  and  reported,  and 
hereof  it  came,  that  ^lartynes  entred  so  far  within 
the  lande,  and  arrives!  at  that  Citie  of  Inga,  the 
Emperor,  It  chanced  that  while  Ordace  with  his 
armies,  rested  at  the  port  of  ^Morequito,  hy  some 
negligence,  the  whol  store  of  powder  jji-ovided  for 
the  service  was  set  on  lire,  and  Martynes,  having 
the  chief  charge,  was  condemned  hy  the  generall 
Ordace  to  be  executed  forthwith,  but  Martynes 
being  much  fauoured  by  the  soldiers,  liad  al  the 
meane  possible  procoured  for  his  life,  but  it  could  not 
be  obtained  in  other  sort  than  this;  that  he  shuld 
be  set  into  a  canoe  alone,  without  any  victual,  onelv 
with  his  amies,  and  so  turned  loosse  into  the  great 
river,  but  it  pleased  God,  that  the  Canoe  was  carried 
down  the  streame,  and  that  a  certaine  of  the  Guiars 
met  it  the  same  evening,  and  having  not  at  anytime 
sene  any  christian,  or  any  man  of  that  coulour, 
they  caried  Martynes  into  the  lande  to  be  wondered 
at,  and  so  from  towne  to  towne,  nut  ill  he  came  to 
the  great  Citie  of  Maiioa,  the  seate  and  residence  of 


I 


<i;i 


j)isco\-ERy  oi-  riiE  orhux  of  ■jiie 


lii^a,  the  Eiupuror.  Thu  Kiii[)un)r,  after  ho  liad 
hohcld  him,  knew  him  to  ho  a  christian,  tfoi-  it  was 
not  loiij^"  hot'oio,  tiiat  his  hrethicii,  (iuasoaf  and  Ata- 
l)ahi)a  \v('i»j  vani|uishod  hy  the  Spanyards  in  Pein.) 
and  causod  him  to  ho  lod;j,od  in  his  i>allaco  and  woll 
ontortainod,  \\k\  lived  sovon  monoths  in  Manoa,  l)iit 
not  suifoi'od  to  wander  into  tho  oounti-oy  any  wliero. 
Ho  was  also  hronght  thither  all  tho  w^aie,  hlindfold; 
Jed  hy  tho  Indians, 


itil 


to  th 


of 


canio  to  tno  onirance 
Manoa  it  solfe,  and  was  fourteen  or  lii'teon  dales  on 
the  passaj^e,  he  avowed  at  his  death,  that  he  entered 
tho  (Jitie,  and  that  they  then  uncovered  his  face,  and 
that  lie  travelled  al  that  dale  til  nij^ht,  thorow  the 
C'itio.  Tho  [Spanyarde  Martynes  lived  seven  nioneths 
in  Manoa;  and  heji;an  to  understand  the  language  of 
the  countrie.  The  Inga  asked  him  whether  he  desired 
to  rc.'turne  to  his  own  countrey,  or  would  willingly 
ahido  with  him,  hut  Martynes,  not  desirous  to  stay, 
ohtained  the  favour  of  the  Inga  to  dei»art,  with  whom 
he  sent  divers  Guianiaus  to  conduct  him  to  the  river 
of  Orenoco,  al  loden  with  as  nnich  goltle  as  they  could 
carri(%  which  he  gave  to  Martynes  at  his  departure, 
hut  when  ho  was  arriued  neere  the  liver's  side,  the 
horderers  rohhed  him  and  his  Guiaiuans,  of  all 
the  treasure,  Uhe  horderers  heing  at  that  time  at 
warres  with  Inga,  and  not  conquered),  excepting 
some  gold  and  i)earls  they  had  in  hottles,  which  these 
thought  was  food." 

Further  on,  he  continues: — "We  sent  away  one 


A  A  Ml-:  OF  am/-:k/ca. 


of  our  pilots  to  seek  tlie  King  of  Aroniain.  The  King 
brouglit  us  i)lonty  to  eat.  J  if  iiad  \vall<e(l  a  long 
way,  and  after  lepast,  the  o1('m  King  rested  awhile  in 
a  little  tent  that  I  caused  to  be  set  up.  I  began  by 
my  Indian  interpreti'i',  which  1  cariied  out  of  Eng- 
land, to  discourse  with  him,  and  ere  I  went  anie  far- 
ther, I  made  him  kn.ow  thr  cause  of  my  comming 
thithci',  whose  seruant  1  was,  and  that  the  Queen's 
pleasure  was,  I  should  undertake  the  voiage  for 
their  defence  and  to  deliver  th(>m  from  the  tyrannie 
of  the  Spaniardes.  Then  1  began  to  sound  the  olde 
niau  as  touching  (Juiana.  He  told  me  they  called 
theniselve  Orenoqueponi,  (poui,  means  in  Macusa' 
language,  upon ),  and  that  on  the  other  side  of  the 
Emeria  Mountains,  there  was  a  large  plain,  (which  ! 
after  discouered  on  my  returne,)  called  the  X'alley  of 
^•l///a/'/o(.'a-paua,'" 

"To  Francis  Sparrow,  I  gave  instructions,  if  it 
were  possible,  to  go  on  to  the  great  Cit'j  of  Manoa, 
I  was  informed  of  one  of  the  Cassiques  (chiefs)  of 
the  Valley  of  .Jj^rov'ocopana,  which  had  buried  with 
iiim,  a  little  before  our  arrival,  a  chaire  of  golde 
most  curiously  wrought." 


t  lie  pmliaUly  moans  MuyBcn;  the  uanie  yivcn  to  tin;  CUibchi  royal  race  uf  the 
Kingiluiii  ut'  (^uudiu-Aiiiaraoa. 


I 


t;-i 


mscoi'ENY  or  the  oKh.ix  or  Tiir 


t 


TlIM  (JOI.DKX  CASTI-KS  .M(  »l  N'lAINS,  ON  TIIH  COASI'  ( d' 
AMAItACA,  Till:  I'IKSr  SI'ANISII  SKTTI.KMKNT  IN  J IIK 
WKSTKUN    II KM ISI'l I KIMO. 

Tlio  S[);iiii;inls  tliou^lit  that  ouch  island  wa-^  at 
last,  tho  famous  i»laco  whuru  the  gold  grew,  Imt 
one  hy  one  those  gilded  divains  wen;  doomed  to  dis- 
a!)i)oiiitmeiit,  which  cooled  tho  ardour  of  the  enter. 
l)risiiig  spirits  of  Si)ain,  and  it  was  not  until  a  valu- 
aiilt!  cargo  was  hrought  home  hy  dela  C'osa — wiio 
had  saih.'d  again  in  1507 — that  thoideaof  coloni/atioii 
was  revived.  Ojeda;  who  had  boon  unceremoniously 
exported  hy  his  partners  of  tho  former  ex[)edilion, 
wished  to  try  his  fortune  again,  .and  so  did  Diego  do 
.Nicuosa,  both  of  whom  the  Crown  appointed  joint 
Clovornors  for  four  years;  with  the  right  to  colonize 
the  mainland  from  Cape  ( iraciasa  Dios,  to  Cape  dohi 
Vela;"  tho  jurisdiction  of  each/  being  divided  by  the 
gulf  of  Darien  (Uruba).  The  territory  of  Ojeda, 
was  to  the  east  of  the  gulf,  to  be  known  as  New 
Andalusia— after  a  Spanish  itrovince— while  Nicuesa 
had  the  western  side,  which,  for  the  first  time,  ap- 
l)eared  under  the  name  of  "  Colden  Castles,"-  on  the 
Coast  of  Amaraca  or  America,  and  the  fertile  island 
of  Jamaica  w'as  to  be  the  joint  granary.  'J'he  (iov- 
ernors  were  to  be  free  of  tax,  with  the  right  to  en- 
gage four  hundred  settlers,  and  two  hundred  miners 

I  See  map.  s  Herreni. 

3  Coilazzi  map  .^  Umiibolclt's  Rilatious  IIiMt(iri<i\U8,  Vol.  I,  p,  324. 


\A^^■:  c/-  amknica. 


05 


\ 


at  Haiti,  where  they  mot  to  coinpleto  arrange- 
ments: hut  a  (|iiairel  arose,  cacli  claiming'  ])ai'ion, 
whoi'e  the  liver  was  fhially  agreed  ni>()ii  as  tlio  <livid- 
inii  hue.     'I'lie  son  of  the  late  xVdniiral  Cohnnhus — 


then  Governor  of  Haiti— i)revented  the  possihility 
of  any  dispute  ahout  Jamaica,  by  senihng  an  agent 


to  take 


possession 
one 


of  it  for  himself;  and  he  refused  to 


l»ermit  anyone  to  join  their  expedition.     r)jeda,  ob- 
tained tlie  assistance  of  Enciso,  a  wealthy  lawver 


(\r, 


D/SCOFEKY  OF  THE  ORIGIN  OF  THE 


who  luid  iiiadu  a  fortuno  at  his  profession  in  tlic 
West  Indies,  and  liaving  api)ointed  him  Lieutenant 
of  the  new  forest;  sailed  to  take  possession  of  it,  (12 
Nov.,  15(t(J)  with  Juan  dela  Cosa  and  three  hundred 
men;  landing  in  theharhorof  Cartagena,  where  they 
had  a  disastrous  engagement  with  the  natives;  who 
used  poisoned  arrows,  killing  sixty-nine  colonists  in- 
cluding the  pilot  Cosa. 

Xicuesa  arrived  soon  after,  and,  joining  forces; 
defeated  the  natives,  recovering  the  hody  of  de  la 
Cosa,  wliich  they  found  suspended  to  a  tree,  swollen, 
an,l  disfigured  by  the  poison. 

After  this,  both  (Jovernors  sailed  for  their  re- 
spective forest  ])rincipalities;  Nicuesa,  toward  the 
mountainous  district,  to  he  known  as  "  Golden 
Castles,"  the  nearest  point  Ixiing  at  the  harbour  of 
Amaraca-pana;  while  Ojeda  sailed  ;dong  the  gulf  of 
Pan-ama,  looking  for  gold,  slaves,  and  food,  but  the 
poisoned  anows  soon  drove  them  within  the  fort 
which  they  had  fortunately  built.  The  Governor 
waited  in  vain  for  the  return  of  a  ship,  which  had 
been  sent  to  Haiti  fur  provisions  and  recruns;  until 
Talavera  arrived — a  Spanish  pirate — with  wiiom  he 
sailed,  and  wa.  wrecked  at  Cuba,  finally  reaching 
Haiti,  after  teriible  suffering;  only  to  find  that  a  ves- 
sel had  just  left;  with  all  that  was  necessary,  com- 
manded by  Enciso — (he  Lieutenant-Governor  whom 
he  had  ap[)ointed,  who  took  charge,  which  was  a 
small     iesi)onsibility,    as    Pizarro— afterwards    the 


I' 


ir 


NAME  OF  AMERICA. 


67 


If 

r^5 


famous  (jlovernoi-  of  Peru— wns  left  in  commaiid  by 
Ojeda.  witli  instructions;  that  if  he  did  not  hoar  from 
him  within  fifty  days,  to  return  to  Haiti  w'tli  the  le- 
maining  colonists,  who — by  suffering  and  privation 
—  had  so  diminished,  that  there  was  ample  room  for 
them  in  two  little  vessels;  one  of  which  was  struck 
by  a  fish,  and  foundcuvd  witli  all  hands,  after  leaving 
the  port  which  Enciso  now  entered,  to  see  liis  store 
ship  strike  tJio  rocks,  losing  all  the  provisions;  the 
crew  barely  escaping.  Enciso,— much  to  his  aston- 
ishment—had found  Balboa  on  board  his  vessel 
after  leaving  Haiti;  having  so  carefully  concealed 
himself,  that  he  was  not  seen  by  the  government 
officei's,  whose  duty  it  vas  to  search  every  departing 
vessel  for  absconding  debtors, — one  of  whom,  was 
Hiis  bankrupt  farmer. 

Enciso  made  friends  with  the  ])oisone(l  arrow 
warriors,  but  Balboa  advised  the  colonists  to  cross  the 
gulf  of  Darien,  where  there  were  no  such  heroes  to 
Ite  found.  They  moved  safely,  drove  the  natives  from 
their  village,  and  settling  there,  called  the  place 
"  Santa  Maria  del  Antigua  del  Darien.''  In  many  of 
t  lieir  towns;  the  only  thing  to  bo  found  was  the  nam(\ 
but  here,  they  had  also  gold,  and  i)rovisions.  in  abun- 
dance. G  overnor  Enciso, — having  declared  it  unlaw- 
ful for  private  people  to  trade  with  the  natives  for 
gold — was  deposed;  the  new  colony— as  Balboa  said 
— being  within  Governor  Nicuesa's  province,  so 
that  he  had    no    authority — whereon   a   municipal 


08 


DlSCOl'ERV  OF  THE  OK/G/N  OF  TlfE 


govonimeiit  was  formed,  with  Balboa  and  Zanuidio 
as  Mayors,  wlioni  tliepeople;  after  electing,  disobeyed, 
and  divided  into  sections,  shortly  before  the  arrival  of 
Comenares,  who  had  been  been  left  in  Haiti,  with  in- 
structions to  follow  with  iiruvisions,  and  he  persuaded 
them  all  to  join  Xicuesa,  who — after  leaving  Ojed;i 
— sailed  for  his  })rincii)ality,  was  wrecked  on  the 
banks  of  a  large  rivui',  and  only  arrived,  after  having 
sulfered  sevei-ely.  Threatening  punishment  on  those 
who  had  been  trading  in  his  province,  they  refused  to 
join  him,  and  moved  to  Panama;  from  whi(.-li  the 
ships  wei'e  afterwards  destined  to  sail,  carrying  the 
Conquerors  of  Cax^l///(/rro  and  its  millions.  The 
last  record  of  Ojeda,  was,  as  witness  against  the  pir- 
ate Talavera  (ir)ll-]3-l.j, )  who  was  hung,  but  what 
became  of  the  imfortunate  Governor  after  this,  is  yet 
unknown. 


THE  KOAl)  WHICH  LED  TO   THE   C0X<JL'EST   OF  A:MAKACA 
AND  TWENTY   MIJ.UONS. 

Forty  leagues  from  Pan-ama,  lived  Comogre, — the 
Chief  of  a  district  bearing  his  name — whom  Balboa 
and  other  Spaniards  went  to  visit,  and  were  nnicli 
suri)rised  at  the  comfort  of  his  jtalace — which  was 
one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  long,  eighty  feet  wide, 
and  a  similar  height.  The  interior  tloors  and  ceilings 
of  its  numerous  apartments  wei-e  exquisite,  includ- 
ing a  granary,  cellars,  and  a  I'oom  reserved  for  the 
mummies  of  the  Chief's  ancestors.  Comogre  received 


y.iM/-:  (V-  ./.i/A-Avr./. 

his  visitors  hospitaWy;  prosenting  them  will,  sovonty 
slaves,  an,l  (our  fh„„saiKl  pesos  of  gol.l,  whi.h  tl,e 
^pan,a>-,ls  began  toweiKi,;  i„  o,-cler  to  separate  the 
tifH.  part  for  the  Iving  of  .Sp„i„.  when  a  „„arrel 
arose  between  then,.  The  Chiefs  ,.hlest  son,  stru.l^ 
the  scales  whi,   his  ha„,l,  ami  as  the  goW  fell    l,o 


'-% 


l>rs(  oVl:liV   (.!■   TllK    I'A,  IKI 


asked  them,  -  What  is  thi..  Christians;  is  it  U^v  snol. 
a  trifle  that  y..,i  ,,uanel  '.  If  you  have  surh  a  lovo 
oU.>l(l,  that  you  di>tM,l,  our  peaceful  nations  to 
obtain  It,  and  suffer,  and  banish  yourselves  r,oni 
your  own  lands,  1  will  shou-  you  a  rountrv,  wher. 
you  may  be  satisfied  "  as  he  pointed  souf  buaV.ls  s-.v^ 


i 


70 


DISCOVERY  OF  THE  OA'/G/X  ()/■   THE 


ing,  tliat  if  they  would  cross  the  mountains,  they  could 
see  people,  who  had  shii)s  as  large  as  thoirown,  and 
drank  out  of  golden  vases,  which  were  as  abundant 
as  their  Spanish  iron  was."^ 

Soon  after,  Balboa,  ascending  the  mountains  be- 
tween tlie  Pacitic  and  Atlantic  Oceans,  cried  out, 
"that  he  claimed  the  miknown  land  for  the  King 
of  Castile,  and  would  contest  his  rights  with  chris- 
tian or  heathen  daring  to  dis[)ute  it." 

After  taking  possession,  of  the  country  in  his 
own  way,  he  called  one  hundred  and  fifty  followers, 
who  had  been  commanded  not  to  ascend  the  moun- 
tain summit  until  he  had  discovered  the  great  ocean 
— and  entering  the  water,  claimed  that  also. 

Thei'o  had  been,  however,  so  many  disappoint- 
ments, that  the  })ioneers  began  to  move  more  cau- 
tiously, and  it  was  some  years  (1515,)  before  any 
special  attempt  was  made  on  the  Pacific;  when  Pi- 
zarro  and  another,  were  selected  by  the  Colony 
at  Pan-ama,  to  trade  with  the  natives,  and  much 
later  still  ('24th  November,  1524)  was  it,  when 
he,  with  three  others,  got  up  an  expedition;  and 
leaving  with  a  hundred  men,  arrived  in  the  river 
Biru,  only  to  find  sw^amps,  from  which  they  sailed, 
short  of  provisions,  meeting  hurricanes,  with  a 
leaky  ship,  and  being  obliged  to  leturn,  landed, 
sending  the  vessel  home  for  food.  Here,  in  the 
swamps,    the  dauntless  Spaniards  looked    heaven- 

i  Lag  Casus,  ap.  Helps.       2  See  F.      ott's  History  of  the  Couciuest  of  Poru. 


NAME  OF  AMERICA. 


71 


wards  for  protection  from  the  wild  animals  which 
attacked  then)  at  night,  or  the  poisonous  fruit  that 
hunger  temi)ted   them   to    eat   during  day,   which 


VAS(  0   NVNEZ  llR   IlALllDA    lAKISii    I'OSSESSIUN   OF    lllli    lAl  llll,    Oi  KAN. 

carried  off  twenty  of  the  little  hand  within  a  few 
weeks,  until  fate;  taking  pity  on  them,  pointed  out  a 
little  restaurant,  hy  a  light  in  the  woods,  which  they 


D/SC(>J7-:k'V  OF  Till:   ORIGIX  (>/■'  THE 


followed  jn'oinptly,  almost  entering  an  Aniaracan 
villagcwith  the  native  who  nnlnckily  carried  it,  whoso 
townsmen  hastily  fled,  as  the  Spaniards  heartily  fed; 
for  the  first  timedurine;  sev'eral  weeks.     The  citizens 


-wearmg   largo    goi 


Id   or 


n; 


n- 


iments — returned  to  i 
qnire,  why  they  did  not  remain  at  home,  to  till  their 
own  lands,  instead  of  roving  ahout  to  pillage  those 
who  had  ne\-er  injured  them '.  and  spoke  of  a  rich 


lation 


th 


ith 


itf 


at   tei 


1  mountams  aL  ten  days 
march,  whore  a  i)owerful  sovereign  onci'  reigned, 
until  his  kingdom  was  cai)tured  by  the  child  of  the 
sun.     (Quito  taken  by  the  King  of  Amaraca.) 

The  Spaniards  liad  now  more  than  hope  to  live 
on,  until  their  vessel  returned;  when  they  sailed 
southwards  in  search  of  golden  dreams,  landing  at 
several  places,  where  some  of  theui  fell  befort'  an 
attack  by  the  natives,  yet,  they  secured  sufficient 
gold  to  send  home;  with  a  report  to  tlu'  Governor 
of  Pan-ama,  when  Almagro — a  friend  of  Pizarro's — 
succeeded  in  forming  an  expedition  of  three  ves- 
sels, which  resulted  in  a  celebrated  agreement;  both 
giving  all  their  property  as  security  to  Padre  Luque; 
who  advanced  8-^0,000  (10th  March,  152(')),  on  behalf 
of  a  friend — all  receiving  an  equal  divisicMi  of  profits, 
which  the  Government  assented  to,  and  tinally,  they 
signed  the  famous  contract — two  citizens  acting  for 
Almagro  and  Pizarro, — who  couldn't  write— three 
more  witnessed  it,  and  after  all  had  received  holy 
communion  with  the  greatest  devotion,  they  took 


NAME  OF  AMERICA. 


r3 


uii  oath  on  the  bible  to  cany  out  theii*  contracts;  be- 
fore sailing  with  the  three  vessels,  one  hundred  and 
sixty  men,  horses,  guns,  stores,  and  itroceeding 
south,  they  landed  with  a  nunib(?r  of  soldiers  on  the 
baidvs  of  a  well-[)opulat(^d  river,  cajitnring  some 
natives,  and  a  large  (|uantity  of  gold  ornaments; 
whicli  were  immediately  sent,  to  Pan-ama  to  in- 
duce  further    colonists,   as  the   native   ])oi)ulation 


A   NAllVE   AMKKIl  AN    slllc.      llillM    A   SKr.ll  II    IN    lUMIlOI.!)  1   s  AILAS. 

was  so  largo — to  whom  their  arrival  was  known  all 
along  the  coast.  During  the  voyage,  an  apparition 
bewildered  them,  until  it  was  found  to  bo  a  native 
Amarican  ship,  which  was  the  first  vessel  ever  seen; 
with  the  movable  centerboard-keol,  so  eminently 
characteristic  of  the  yaclits  of  their  successors. 
Those  vessels  are  still  tlie  native  conveyance  on  the 
lakes  and  distant  rivers  and  territoVies.     The  craft 


74 


D/SCOl'EA'Y  ()/■   77/ E  ORICIN  OF  THE 


wliicli  thoy  met,  was  a  coasting  mercliant  vessel, 
carrying  ^old  and  silver  on  laments. 

Two  Merchants  told  the  Spaniards,  that  gold  and 
silver,  was  as  cc^nmon  as  wood,  in  the  palaces  ot 
their  Kingdom,  wliich  was  fnrther  south;'  hut  sev- 
eral colonists  had  written  unfavorahle  rc]K)rts  to 
Pan-ama,  and  the  (Jovoiiior  ordered  the  vessels 
home,  hut  Pizarro,— refusing  to  ohey — sent  for 
aid,  while  he  and  those  faithful  to  him,  remained 
seven  months  on  a  small  isle,  hefore  they  returned 
to  sail  away  to  Tnmbez,  whose  Curaca  (thief),  sent 
them  by  hoat  on  their  arrival  there;  hananas,  cocoa- 
nuts,  Indian  coi'u,  sweet  potatoes,  game,  and  fish. 
The  Spaniards  were  astonished  at  the  splendor  of 
this  place,  whose  people;  calling  them  children  of 
the  Sun,  were  very  hospitable,  while  an  African 
servant,  caused  an  unlimited  amount  of  fun  among 
the  natives,  in  their  fruitless  and  indefatigable  at- 
tempts to  rub  the  black  off  his  face. 

After  coasting  along  the  Pacific,  they  returned 
here,  where  some  of  the  Spaniards;  falling  in  love 
with  the  ladies,  the  agreeable  manners  of  the  people, 
and  the  comfort  and  cleanliness  of  the  place,  begged 
to  be  allowed  to  remain — which  was  granted— while 
some  of  the  Amaricans  (Peruvians)  joined  the  ships, 
to  learn  Spanish. 

All  these  expeditions — though  full  of  expectation 
— had  so  far,  only  resulted  in  loss;  and  as  the  Gov- 

i  See  Preacott's  History  of  tUu  Conquest  of  Peru. 


A'AM/C  OF  AMERICA. 


75 


c'lnnient  now  iiroliihitod  thoiii,  Pizano  ifturned  to 
Spain,  and  next  year  (2(ilh  July,  15iM>),  the  Eniperoi" 
Charles, V,  hohig  satisfied  with  his  da/zling  prom- 


J,  ^,v-    -^ 


IVlirK   1.1(^11:   INMIilCTlMi   A   NAIIVE. 


isos;  appointed  him  Governor  and  Captain-General 
of  the  Pacific  coast,  Padre  Luque,  hishop,  and 
Almagro,  governor   of  Tunibez.      In  order  to  get 


II 
! 


76 


niSCOVERY  OF  Till:   Oh'lii/X  <>l-   'fill-: 


as  many  folouists  as  ]>(»ssil»Io  to  join  him,  Piz/aro 
I'olatod  cvcrywlici'i',  tlio  woiidtfrful  stories  of  tlio 
[golden  land,  (liiriiif;  tills  visit,  and  tlioy  were  ro- 
poatod  thron^hont  tho  dominions  of  his  Sovoroign; 
the  Kiiii;'  of  S|»aiii  and  Kmperor  of  Germany,  oik?  of 
whoso  friends,  tho  ^-reat  (iciinan  mercantile  honso 
of  \'t'ls(H\s,  got  anthority — dnrinj;-  the  year  that 
Pizarro  had  returned, — to  found  citi(>s,  and  to  mine, 
in  the  mountains  called  "golden  castles"  on  the 
coast  of  Amaraca-pana.  Their  ])eople,  landing  in 
the  ( )i'enoco,  as  Sii- Walter  Kaleigh  had  done,  settled 
at  Amaracapana,  from  which  place,  the  (ierman 
Federmann  led  an  exp(;dition  to  l^>ogota,  in  search  of 
its  treasures  in  iri!)!,  \vhil(>  another  inarched  across 
the  Andes,  connnanded  hy  Qnisada,  from  (j)uito,  on 
the  Pacific,  and  a  thir(  under  the  Spanish  (iov- 
ernor  of  Popayan,  all  of  whom  accidtMitally  met 
there:'  hut  they  did  not  tiud  the  gold,  though 
Quisada  sent  expedition  after  exi)edition  tor  yi^ars, 
in  search  of  it.  J^'edermann  retiu'ned  to  his  dis- 
trict, of  which  Sir  Walter  Paleigh  speaks: — "Be- 
yond us  lay  another  towne,  towards  the  south,  in 
the  Valley  of  Anicrioctt  \)A\vd,  which  heareth  the 
name  of  the  said  Valley,  whoso  i>laines  stretch 
themselves  some  sixty  miles  in  length,  east  and 
west,  as  fayre  ground,  and  as  hewtifull  fieldes,  as 
any  manne  hatli  ever  scene,  with  divers  copses  scat- 
tered heere  and  there,  hy  the  rivers  side,  and  all  as 

1  The  capitol  of  Cuiiiliu-Amarci,  Picdraliita. 


X.l^f/■:  O I-  AMERICA. 


n 


lull  of  (loei'e,  as  any  forest  or  ])arke  in  England,  aiul 
in  every  lake,  and  rivoi',  the  like  abundanrc  dl'  tisli 
and  fowle,  of  which  Irra-parra-gota  is  Lord.'" 

Pi/arro,  arriving-  a^^ain.  crossed  over  to  I'an- Ania; 
and  i-eturned  (Jan.  ir)31)  to  Tunihez,  where  they  re- 
mained live  months,  before  marching-  to  Cassa- 
Amaraea,  the  capitol  of  the  Empire.  (»]i  the  way, 
they  stoi)ped  at  Caxas,  where*  messengers  from  the 
King  had  arrived,  with  an  iiivilnt  ion  to  visit  him, 
and  a  present  of  two  stone  fountains  in  the  forni  of 
forts,  some  woollen  stulfs  embroidered  with  gold  and 
silver,  and  a  (|uantity  of  perfume  powder  used  by 
the  native  nobility. 

Proceeding  onwards,  Pizarro  heard  from  a  govern- 
ment otticer,  that  the  Sovei'eign-  who  had  a  large 
army  with  him — was  at  Vn\\.-Aniu)ai'u,  on  the  other 
side  of  the  mountains,  wiiere  he  was  enjoying  the 
royal  sulphur  baths— which  are  still  known  as  "J^aths 
of  the  King."  Continning  their  mai'ch,  another  envoy 
met  them,  with  more  royal  presents,  and  a  week 
later,  they  were  in  the  valley  of  Cassayl?i/rt>ra, 
where  the  woollen  dresses,  neatness,  cleanliness,  and 
superiority  of  the  people  and  their  residences,  very 
nmch  surprised  them;  as  they  gazed  in  wonder  from 
the  moinitain  side,  at  nnles  of  streets  and  roads, 
forming  the  City  of  Cassa-Amai'ca.-  The  Spam'ards 
would  have  given  a  good  deal,  to  be  on  the  otlier  side 

t  llcre  wc  bave  CuiniUKi,   luciininjj;  bciuitifnl,  tho   Valforuinsa-or  litaiitilul 
ValU'.v  of  t  ).ieila  iiinl  <'uUiviitril  ilistrict  nfirinl  to  by  ('(iliuiiluis. 

.illakluyt  Vol.  4.     Soi  I'rescott's  History  of  tliu  Coucjucst  of  I'lru. 


78 


DISCOVERY  or  THE  ORIGIN  OE  77/E 


of  the  mountain  which  they  had  just  left,  but  they 
woro  here,  and  it  was  too  late  to  look  hack.  It  was 
liowev(M',  fortunate  foi-  them,  that  the  Kin^  was 
carrying-  on  an  impoi'tant  war  at  that  moment,  and 
had  only  coiichided  the  conquest  of  his  brother's 
kingdom,  a  few  months  ]trevionsly. 

Near  the  camj),  was  a  ston(*  fortress,  and  an  im- 
mense S(|uare,   surrounded   by    low  buildings,   con- 


taii 


k 


ith  entrances 


to\ 


(»  rooms 
it;  ai)i)arently  barracks. 

Another  stone  cut  fort,  surrounded  by  three  wide 
circular  walls  of  great  strength,  was  built  on  a  hill 
connnandingthc  City,  which  they  now  (15  Nov.  1532), 
entered.  The  walls  of  the  royal  palace, — in  front  of 
which,  was  a  large  fountain  of  hot  and  cold  water — 
were  of  glittering  plaster  of  many  colors.  Nobles 
festively  attired,  in  waiting  on  the  King,  tilled  the 
Court.' 

rizarro's  brother  rode  up  to  the  Monarch,  with  an 
escort,  and  using  spurs,  caused  his  horse  to  prance 
and  rear,  which  appeared  to  awe  them;  the  natives 
never  having  seen  one.'- 

"  Hearing  of  his  great  victories,'"  said  he,  "  they 
had  come,  as  the  subjects  of  a  mighty  Sovereign,  far 
beyond  the  waters,  to  otfer  their  swords  and  the 
doctrines  of  the  true  faith." 

The   Child   of   the   Sun,  did   not   condescend  to 


1  Cicza  lie  lioou  np.  Iliiklnyt.    Sco  Tresoott's  History  of  tUo  CoiKiucst  of  Peru. 
iPui-cUas  Kdu.  lOU,  \}   lOjH. 


;" 

t 

:                ■    i.  . 

.VIA//-:  ('/'./.l/AAVC./. 


r» 


aiiswor,  or  to  look  ;it  tlioiii,  hut  one  of  his  iiohlos  re- 
plit'd;  "  Vory  ^ood." 

i'izarro,  fuaiiiijjj  that  appcaraiUM'H  woro  not  so 
'*  very  good,"  diMiiatidod  a  reply  from  tho  Monarch; 
vvhoaiigustly  siniliii}^',  said:  "  Inform  your  Captain, 
that  lam  keeping  a  fast,  which  will  finish  (o  morrow; 
when  [  shall  visit  him  with  my  Court,  and  order 
pre))arations  for  his  reception;  hut  until  then,  hu  may 
occupy  the  puhhc  huildiugs  in  the  S(|uare." 

The  Spaniards,  hefore  liding  away,  were  olfered 
some  of  tho  sparkUng  chicha,  in  immense  goldeu 
vases,  which  was  served  hy  tho  hrunette  heauties  of 
the  harem.  On  the  following  day,  towards  noon, 
thoy  ohserved  an  immense  jtrocession  advancing, 
which  looked  so  formidahle,  that  IMzarro  (hs- 
patched  an  envoy  to  the  King,  with  an  invita- 
tion for  supper, — adding,  that  he  could  not  receive 
him  then-  to  which  the  Monarch  sent  his  accept- 
ance, stating  that  he  would  come,  escorted  only  hy 
a  few  unarmed  courtiers.'  The  Amaru  palace  was 
ordered  to  be  prepared,  and  hefore  sunset,  hundreds 
of  servants  were  busily  dusting  it,  while  singing  a 
truh'  diabolical  chorus.  When  these  had  gone, 
others  entered,  in  liveries  of  whit(},  orch(?ckered  with 
red;  the  former  carrying  maces  of  silver  or  copper. 
The  life-guards  and  gentlemen  of  the  I'oyal  house- 
hold, wore  skyblue,  with  many  decorations,  and 
towards  evening,  they  surrounded  the  King,  who, — 

1  LuB  Ciisas.  ap.  UelpB. 


80 


n/scon-.h-y  <>,■  the  0Rh;ix  oi-  the 


wonnnu'  a  < 


•oil 


w  ot   ciiK mills.  c)l  colitssal   size — was 


si'iilcd  (ill  1  .L^oldt'ii  ilirmu'  of  iiinnonse  vaUi(>,  in  a 
sedan;  <;iii'i('d  l)\  t';»iir  men,  llu'  j>alan(|uin  of  wliicli 
was  lined  with  be.iulifid  1  lopi'.-l  i'eatliers.  and 
plates  of  ixtlished  silvei-  and  ,uold.  Thousands  of 
peo|tleacfoin|)anied  ihe  Kin,L;,  whoasked,  whei'o  tlie 
Spaniards  were;  as  they  ditl  not  appear,  the  fact 
l)(>ini;\  that,  the  Castilians  I'elt,  as  if  they  had  walked 
into  the  lion's  mouth,  in  icspoiisoto  the  Monarch's 
(juostiou,  a  I  liar'  with  hihleand  (  rucilix;  saying  tlial 
ho  came  to  announce  liie  true  faith,  asked  the  King 
to  acknowledge  it,  and  to  become  a  subject  of  Charles 
Y,  but  the  Sovereign  answering — with  tlashing  eyes 
— said:  that  being  greater  tluMi  any  eai'thly  prince,  lie 
wouUl  not  submit,  or  change  his  faith,  Avliile  ho 
asked  the  friar — wlio  p-ointed  in  answer  to  the  bible 
—  what  light  lu!  had  to  speak  so.  The  Monarch,  taking 
the  Testament,  looked  at  several  pages,  before  throw- 
ing the  hook  on  the  ground,  and  while  the  Monk 
picked  it  up  exceedingly  scandalized,  he  sent  a  mes- 
sage to  Pi/a  rro,  that  he  would  bo  sorry  for  his  con- 
duct before  leaving,  ri/airo,  only  saw  (.»ne  course 
— it  was  life  or  death-^the  s'  pieme  moment  had 
ariived—and  the  Spaniaids — who  wimv  ready — 
hearing  the  stent(»riai.  ('a>l  iliaii  voice  of  the  old  vvai- 
cry,  "  St.  lag-  '  and  at  them."  jnmiied  on  their 
horses,  charging  right  and  lel'l,  as  the  imfoitunate 
people,   noliles,   and    soldiers,  were  ridden    over    by 

1  Vuicliiis  Ki).  liUl,  p.  Ki.v.t.  2St.  .lami's. 


■Bi 


a:  I.)//-:  or  AMI: RICA. 


81 


the  Spanish  cavnli-y.  'iMicy  had  never  hoard  the 
report  of  a  gun,  wliieh  now  !'unil)Ie(l  tliront;!!  tlio 
valley  hke  incessant  thunder,  whih;  the  l)hndinf; 
smoke  and  intre[)id  cavalry,  now  seen  lor  t lie  first 
time,  slupilied  Ihem,  as  they  ga/ed  panic-stricken 
on  th(!ir  countrymen,  lalling  in  hundreds  from  some 
invisihie  cause,  for  no  arrow  had  touched  tlunn. 

The  nohles  stood  like  living;-  sliields  befor(>  tlio 
Kinji^,  as  tai'^ets  in  front  of  tlie  guns,  contesting 
the  honor  of  lillingjlie  conslanlly  hrokcn  ranks  of 
those,  Avho-  falling  over  each  other-  niad<>  a  dying 
harricM'  around  tlieir  Mon:u'cli,  until  his  ca])ture  and 
all  was  ovi'r.  huniense  booty  in  gold  and  silver 
was  found.  The  (lovermncnt  warehouses  of  the 
city  of  ( "assa-.l///(^(7^  were  so  full  of  cotton  and 
woollen  goods  heautifully  dyed  in  various  colois, 
and  of  exceedingly  Inie  texture —that  the  inunense 
((Uantity  taken  by  the  Spaniards,  did  not  make  any 
perceptible  dill'erenc(\' 

The  King;  fearing  that  hisbrothci'  whom  he  had 
imprisoned  in  the  fortress  of  K\\y\-A)tmrvn  since  the 
annexation  of  his  Kingdom,  might  now  escape  and 
sei/c^  the  Crown — began  to  negotiate  Avith  I'izairo 
foi'  his  lil)erty.  Sitting  <»ne  day  in  a  room  of  the 
.[ii/((>ii  palace,  the  Sovereign  olTered  to  cover'  llie 
llo(fr  with  gold,  if  thc-y  \vo;d'!  c.u  "  to  release!  him, 
but  till'  Sitaniard  made  no  repl;.-  lo  this  nnld  sugges- 
tion.    The  captive  Monarch  ai-ose,  and  reaching  to- 

1  Piirchas  Kiln.  lOli.  p.  IdS'il. 


[I 


82 


niSCOVENY  Ol-   THE  ORICLX  OF  THE 


wards  tlio   cuiliii;^'  as   lii^h  as  he  could,  oii'orcd  to 
lill  th(j  room  so  far  with  gohl.' 

^I'he  Si«aiiiards  were  thunderstruck,  hut  IMzarro; 
drawing  a  tckI  line  along  the  wall,  sent  foi'  a  iKjtary, 
who  rec(jrded  the  acceptance  of  the  offer;  on  condi- 
tion, that  an  adjoining  room,  be  filled  twice  with 
silver  within  two  months. 


The  Ki 


1h 


•nt 


toC 


d  olh 


;uzco 

citi(^s;  re(iuesting  that  tlie  gold  ornaments  and  serv- 
ices of  the  ro>al  i»alaees,  he  sent  to  Cassa-Amarca, 
which  soon  began  to  ariive;  some  of  the  massive 
gold  [)lales  weighing  seventy-five  pounds.  From 
Cuzco  alone,  came  two  hundred  loads  of  gold  ;  con- 
sisting of  goble*:s,  salvers,  vases,  of  every  shape  and 
size,  sacred  ornaments,  and  i)alatial  decorations,  tiles, 
cornices,  plates,  and  animal  statuary  of  solid  gold. 

Almagro  now  arrived  op|)ortune]y — and  they  all 
called  for  a  division  of  booty,  many  wishing  to 
I'etnrn  homt;  Avitli  their  }»ortions,  while  others  de- 
sired to  march  in  search  of  more,  and  after  the 
native  goldsmiths  had  worked  day  and  night  for  a 
month,  melting  the  entire  ([Uantity  into  standard 
bars,  so  that  it  could  be  divided;  the  money  value, 
was  over  Jifteen  millions,  a  result  unparalleled  in 
tbe  annals  of  history .- 

'  Aiii))lii  r  accdinit  siiys,  that  I'I?.ai'ro  was  in  I'liiinimuicatidn  wilti  I"illi  Kuit;>; 
who  Vi.  il  Willi  I'Hcli  iilhrr  in  cilVi-riii^;  I'aiisdiu  fnr  lilii-iiy,  ami  that  lliiaMir  nllnMil 
to  tn-h  r  thi' ijuaiitiiy  o.  ^olil  luoi'isLd  hy  Atahuallpa,  illlioy  woiiM  nleaj^c  him. 
I'unhas  i:<lu.  Ji.H  (.."lor.o 

-■  I.o|ii/.  \\\\  lluhinh,  \i.  14.  "They  foiiiul'  'iltio  and  two  f'.iousuinl  uiaiki< 
iif'gond  r-iUi,r,  ami  oiir  luilhon  aud  thrci  huiulii  i,  twcutie  ami  sixo  ihoUHaml  ainl 
fine  huii.lrc'vl  i  csos  ol'goliU-." 


\i 


^■'^ 


X.l.VE  OF  AMERICA. 


83 


News  arrived  f:*oin  Aii(l-J/»«rc«,  that  Huascar 
had  been  drowned  in  the  river  of  that  name,  and 
reports  continned  to  be  heard,  of  intended  insnrrec- 
tions  in  favor  of  the  King;  of  which  he  denied  any 
knowledge  whatever. 

A  Court-martial,  however,  condemned  him  to  be 
burned  in  the  great  square  of  the  City,  or  to  be  hung; 
if  he  became  a  Christain,  an  inducement,  which  he 
accepted,  and  \vas  bai)tized  John,  the  day  of  his 
execution  (20th  August,  1533)  being  that  of  St.  John. 

Pizarro  and  his  Court  went  into  mourning  for 
Junii  dc  Alahuall])a,  for  whose  obseijuies,  solenni 
prei)arations  were  made,  while  he  lay  in  state  at  the 
Cathedral. 

At  the  funeral  si'rvice,'  Castilian  voices  chanted 
the  litany  of  the  (k^ad,  i)adres  sprinkled  the  royal 
'■of'lin,  while  the  pe{)})l('  ])rostrate  on  the  ground,  ini- 
l^lored  divine  mei'cy  for  tin;  sonl  of  the  departeil 
Monarch,  when  suddeidy,  loud  voices,  weei)ing  and 
wailing,  wcn-e  heard  outside,  and  tlie  church  doors 
opened  to  the  wives  and  relations  of  the  late  Sover- 
eign, whv>  sunoundt'd  the  coffin,  protesting  against 
tli«'  iH'rforniance  of  v.heir  King's  funeral  rites  in  such 
away;  and  wished  to  sacrilice  tin 'nisei  ves  on  his  tomb, 
to  go  with  him  to  the  land  of  sj)ii'its.  which  ^fvoial 
r'"  them  eventually  did:  although  infoimed  that  h(.> 
had  died  a  christian,  and  to  this  day,  the  natives  oc- 
casionally pei'form  a  ti'agedy  of  Atahualli»a's  death. 
amid  much  lamentation. 


'!(! 


I 


84 


DISCOVERY  OF  THE  O RIG IX  Of-   HIE 


The  SiJaniai'ds  also  foaiul  about  six  millions 
worth  of  gold  and  silver  at  Cuzco,  and  drav.'ing 
lots;  Lequizano— who  i;ot  the  image  of  the  Sun,  as 
his  share;  gainljlod  it  away  before  morning;  from 


MASIA11I>S   |,AM!1I,IX11. 


which  came  the  motto:  (Juega  el  sol  antes  que 
amanezca),  •*  lie  plays  away  the  sun  before  sunrise."* 
As  the  population  on  the  Atlantic  side  of  the 
Andes  mountains;  aiv  also  (^)uichua"-  or  Amaiacan, 
let  us  now  recall  some  of  the  history  of  the  great 
Chibcha  Kingdom  of  (.'undinAmaraca,  the  neigh- 
bors of  the  nation  just  spoken  of. 


I  Sir  Arthui  \h\Y%.    Vol.  UI,  v.  P"i. 


2  Aiiicr,  Encycloiiinlia. 


?J^W.T.      • 


XAME  OF  AMERICA. 


85 


After  the  Peruvians  and  Mexicans,  the  Chibclias 
— ini|)ro])erly  eallo*!  ^Vluysca,  meaning  man — were 
the  next  in  importance,  of  the  five  great  nations  of 
America.  At  tlie  time  of  the  Spanish  conijuest, 
their  population  was  estimated  at  two  millions. 

They  cultivated  lands,  mined,  carved  in  bone  and 
stone,  had  a  primitive  sort  of  money,  and  traded  in 
painted  mantles,  gold  ornaments,  and  emeralds. 

Their  chronology  was  divided  into  a  week  of 
tliree  days,  ten  of  which  made  a  month,  twenty 
months  a  year,  and  twenty  years  an  age. 

Their  Kingdom  of  Cundin-Amaraca,  and  its 
capital  of  Bogota,  now  forms  part  of  the  United 
States  of  Columbia,  in  Central  America;  containing 
one  hundred  thousand  s([uare  miles  of  territory, 
which  may  be  found  in  longitude  7-J:\  and  latitude 
4^  to  (r,  north. 

The  Kings  of  Amaraca,  on  the  Pacific  coast, 
had  a  road,  which  followed  the  course  of  the  Andes 
mountains,  connecting  their  city  with  the  ca[»itol  of 
Cundi  n  -  A  niaraca.  ^ 

These  mountains  suljdivide  into  branches;  as 
they  approach  the  Atlantic,  and  the  chain  running 
along  the  coast,  goes  as  far  as  the  river  Orenoco — 
thus  enclosing  two  fertile  valleys,'-  which  are  the 
lands  of  the  American  Contin»'nt,  first  discovered 
by  Columbus,  as  shown  on  our  \vx\\)\  where  tlie 
extent  of  tliis  famous  Kingdom  also  appears. 


1  UiimboKU  Atlttn,  p.  25'.'. 


'•  C'oiliazzi  Atlaa. 


86 


/)ISC017:KV  of  IIIE  OKIGLV  of  T/fE 


We  have  an  account  of  it,  from  Doctor  Don  Tiiiis 
Fornandoz  riedrahita,  Canon  of  the  ]\letroi)olitan 
Chnrcli  of  Bogota, — "Calificador'"'  of  tlic  lioly  oflico 
of  tho  suiucine  and  j^'cneral  inquisition,  and  Bisho})- 
elect  of  Santa  ]\Iarta. 

This  work-  was  dedicated  in  the  year  1G8S,  to 
His  Majesty,  the  King-  of  Spain;  and  of  the  Indies. 
The  Bishop  informs  us,  tliat 
"  Cundin  -  Amaraca  — as  tho 
heathens  called  it — was  the 
most  important  Kingdom  after 
Peru  and  Mexico.  Tlio  chiefs 
of  its  population,  and  the  court 
of  tho  barharous  King,  were  at 
the  cai)itol,  Bogota.  To  their 
idols  of  sohd  gold,  they  offered 
emeralds,  powdered  with  gold  dust." 

"The  city  had  twenty  thousand  houses  in  tho 
days  of  its  fame,  and  the  King,  with  his  two  hun- 
dred wives,  resided  in  an  immense  palace,  guarded 
by  twelve  gates,  which  were  entered  by  solid  stone 
staircases." 

The  author  explains  "  the  rites  and  ceremonies  of 
tho  Muyscas  "  under  jiaganism,"  and  informs  us, 
that  when  anyone  died  from  the  bite  of  a  snake;  that 


.SACrAS-MA-Clll-(  A,  '    I'insT  KINli   OF 
CrNliIN-AMAliAlA. 


'  Califlcailo  was  one  of  tho  Imiiiisitiou  ai'pointod  to  exaiiiiiK'  l)ooks  ami  writ- 
lugs. 

-Historia  gciii'ral  dc  las  i  oiniuistasilcl  Nucvn  Uoyim  do  Granada. 

3  PiodraULta,  ili.  ;!.  il  17. 


■*c 


XAMF.   OI-  A  Ml:  RICA. 


o  1 


the  si!i;n  of  tli(^  rross  was  |}lacc(l  on  tlu'  tonil)," 
wlnVIi  is  tlio  American  (Poruvinii)  si^ii 
for  tiio  word  "  amaru," '  and  witli  (ho 
ad(htion  of  the  woid  "ca,"'  or  land, 
represents  the  sacred  national  name, 
America.  ^^■^"^'• 

"Siiould  a  favorite  wife  of  tln'  King",  or  of  one 
of  the  Ciiiefs  (cassi(ines)  die,  a  great  ([uantity  of  pjold 
and  emeralds  were  put  in  the  tomb.  Tlic  priests 
lived  ver}^  devoutly  in  I  he  temples,  praying  ctMi- 
linually  and  meditating.  They  slept  and  si)oke 
little,  otrering  sarrific(^  frequently,  dui-iiig  which 
they  wore  mitres  of  gold,  and  the  ])eoj)]o  made 
much  preparation,  whenever  tlu'y  went  to  Ihe 
temples  with  oflferings.  The  Spaniaids  woie  ama/ed 
at  the  immense  (piaiitity  of  gold  used  in  making 
masks,  jewelry,  medals,  half  moons,  bi-acelets, 
rings  and  manv  ligures  of  insects.  In  each  of  these 
designs  the  amount  was  fahulous." 

''  The  Chihcha  Kings  of  CyiUiVwi- jimaraca,  had 
grand  processions,  at  whidi  their  chiefs  assisted."' 

''T'en  to  twelve  thousand  people  congi'egated  at 
these  assemblies,  and  divided  into  social  circles, 
wearing  costumes  and  masks,  covered  with  golden 
medals,  and  an  iibimdauce  of  jewehv.  At  tliis 
carnival,  some  of  vhem  rei)resented  lions,  tigers. 
bears,  and  v.arious  forms,  painting  tluMUselvos,  and 
wearing  tin.'  skin  of  the  animal  selected." 


Uosny,  T,M  I-: Tittifes,  11.  'Jl.    S.'o  exiilanatinii  at  j)   l.'J  '■!'  tUn  \voii<. 


88 


/)/sc()r/:A')'  or  'j he  oric.in  oi  the 


"  These  fT'tes  continued  many  years  after  the  con- 
quest, and  as  late  as  15T»>,  or  ir.71,  the  Chief  of  Uba- 
(|ne,  appeared  heff)i('  (he  Si)anish  authorities  of 
V\\\\y\\\\-.\un{r(nni,  to  ask  pennission  to  hold  a  car- 
nival ill  his  district,  declarint;-  that  as  the  Spanish 
people  had  hull  and  dog  'i^hts,  masquerades  and 
carnivals,  that  there  was  no  reason  why  their 
jiastimes  and  pleasures  should 
be  prohibited,  ^vhich  they  only 
inaugu rated ,  to  d rive  away  d nil 
care,  and  give  recreation  to 
their  working  neople.  The 
city  of  Bogota,  w.as  thirty 
miles  by  sixty,  in  size,  and 
there  were  many  theatres, 
places  of  amusement  and 
baths." 

"The  Chiefs  were  absolute  masters  of  the  lives 
and  properties  of  their  subjects,  acknowledging 
allegiance  only  to  the  King;  whose  right  to  the 
Crown,  was  by  primogeniture;  the  eldest  sons  of 
royal  daughters  being  alone  admissible.  At  the 
time  of  the  Spanish  discoveiy,  the  Kingdom  of 
QiWwiXxw-Amaruca^  had  been  extending  its  terri- 
tory by  conquest.  Their  sacred  history  relates; 
that  after  the  deluge,  by  the  overflow  of  the  river 
Funzi,from  which  Bochica  was  saved,  hedisapi)eared 
mysteriously  from  Iraca,  to  the  east  of  Tu)t<ja, 
but,  before  leaving,  advised  them  to  choose  a  Sov- 


lUA-ATA-mrr,    a    famous   cuief 

OF  tlMilS-AMAliACA. 


x.iMr.  OF  A.yr.KiCA. 


89 


creigii;  as  many  C'hiufs  (lis[»utt'd  the  supreine  au- 
tliority." 

"They  selected  Hunca-liua,  who reiy;niiigt\vo hun- 
dred and  fifty  years,  made  j^reat  eoiKiuosts.^  ]i< )chica, 
was  their  ilrst  Higli-priest,  and  Himca  the  iirst  capi- 
tal of  the  Chi(;fs  of  QwmWn-Aiimraca." 

The  Andes  silver  mines  of  Peru,  and  Cundin- 
Anuirdca;  are  yet  the  richest  in  existence,  and 
the  finest  gems  of  these  mountains,  are  the  em- 
eralds found  in  the  TuiKja  mines  near  Bogota; 
which  supi»]y  nearly  the  entire  market  of  the 
world. - 

This  is  the  neighhorhood,  ahout  which  the  Span- 
iards heard  such  fahnlous  stories  of  wealth,  that  so 
many  expeditions  left  in  search  of  the  golden  City 
(El  dorado). 

Baron  de  Humholdt;  who  had  siient  many  years  in 
these  regions,  says,"  that  "Luis  Dacja,  met  (1535^  an 
Indian  of  QnniSin-Amaraca,  at  Cassa-.l/nr/raco,  who 
was  sent  by  his  Sovereign,  to  ask  the  assistance  of 
King  Atahualpa,  and  as  usual,  praised  the  richness 
of  liis  country  to  Daija,  hut  what  fixed  the  attention 
of  the  Spaniards,  was  the  story  of  a  Lord;  whose 
body  was  covered  with  gold  dust,  and  who  lived  at 
a  lake  in  the  middle  of  the  mountains.  This  was 
probably,  that  to  the  east  of  Iraca  andTunga,  where 
the  two  spiritual  and  secular  Chiefs  of  the  Empire 
of  C\xn(\m- Am avaca  lived.     Its  temple  of  the  sun 


I  Probably  meaim  bim^olf  and  bis  ilcsceuilauts. 


I  Aiiier.  Eucyclopcdia. 


1 


90 


DISCOVERY  Of  Till-:  ORIiU.X  (>/■    77/E 


was  iioi  far  from  flic  north  side  of  tln'  latid-^.  (ii'st 
found  by  tin;  Spaniards." 

"Tliolli<;li  Pii.'st  powdered 
his  \'M'r  and  hands  wilh  i;(>ld 
(hisl  ev(»iy  nioininj;' — which 
ho  had  ])i'oviously  oiled  ov 
j^Teasod,  so  as  lo  j-etain  it, — 
before  ofTei'ing  sacrifice."'  ' 

The  chief  Kint^'dom  in  the 
\V(   tern       he»nispli(3ro,     when  ,.  ni.in-amaiia.a. 

CV)hnnbus  landed,  was  Aniaraca  or  America,  whose 
Inca  Kin<;s,  claimed  descent  from  the  Aymara  i-ace, 
of  Aymaraca,  the  earliest  known  of  the  existin^j; 
])opnlation,  from  whom  those  Monarclis — who  ro- 
send)le  (hem— ii,'ot  some  of  their  arts  and  religious 
ceremonies. 

The  national  history  of  Amaraca,  names  ''  Raint 
Amaraca  or  America,  the  CVipilol  "  as  the  first  city 
of  f heir  Km|)ii'e.' 

I  lIiuiiliiiMt,  llcliilioii-:  lilst()riini(t-<,  Viil,  It,  i>.  "114.         -  Si'i'  uii:il)i'iilgoil  edition. 

Till' spauiai'ils  wr'ite  it  "  (iiimar<':iiili."*  ami  iircinouiifi'  tli«'  (1— which  docs  not 
exist  Willi  natives  t —lilii!  II,  wliicli  ni\-fs  us  llua,  or  Saint,  a  woi-.l  addid  to  tlioir 
sacred  names,  while  tlieir  liistory  indiciites,  that  it  ou!,'ht  to  lie  llua-Anniraea  or 
.Vnierica.  It  is  near  tlio  cel(d)nited  lake  .Vniatitlan.  These  iiooiilo  were  the  (^niehna 
race,  and  from  this,  lli<>  Castilians  lulled  tlie  City,  tlie  "Ilnly  Cross  of  l,>ui('lnia,"t 
the  lattir  name  only  bein^  usi  d  to-day.  The  Aniani,  oi-  holy  cross  of  those  peoxile, 
was  consiiicuous  tlicre;  as  in  all  tie'  cliief  cities  ol'  America, — It  is  the  (M'litral 
objtM't  of  ailor.ition,  in  the  immense  sacred  ruins  at  I'.ileiica— Ironi  wliicli  tli(^  Con- 
tinent was  proliahly  (IrstealliMl  "Land  ol  tlie  Holy  Cross  "  One  author,  has  a  I  tempted 
to  find  tlioetymoloi^y  of  (iuniarcaali,  liy  iihonetii'cominirison.  l'or^'ettint,',that  In  pic- 
torial literature,  the  meaning  of  a  sifjti,  wlien  lost— can  only  he  ohtainiMl,  by  its 
inorpholo;;ical  classification.  Tht^  Spaniards  ondeavourc  tl  to  turn  the  .Vmericau 
names  into  fmiiliar  sounds,  as  in  tlie  oily  of  Hiniac,  which  is  to-day  known  as 
T.niia.     The  Kintjs  iif  Atiii'rica  cUiined    descent  from  the  Ainara  race,  who  ari'   still 


*I!oui'bourn,  "I'npdl  Vuh,''  p.  :;o7       t  Tc.n'es,  p.  1. 


Santa  Crii/.  del  i.iuiche. 


"!l 


.v.i.u/-:  or  AMEkiCA. 


91 


Gonoral  Alvarado  eiicouiittn-ed  tlio  mdst  vi«;oroiis 
resistance  liui'o,  wliore  the  King*  iiu^t  him  with 
23i\000  men,  and  nut  until  he  liad  heen  slain,  allcr 
a  hat  tie  of  six  days,  was  the  metropolis  eaptnicd. 
The  ruins  of  the  old  City;  once  the  larj^e  and  opulent 
capitol  of  Utlatlan,  with  the  Court  of  the  ancii-nt 
Kinj^s,  was  the  most  sumi)tuous  that  had  heen  dis- 
covered in  that  section  of  America,.'  The  floors  of 
the  palace  were  of  hard  cement,  and  the  inner  walls 
covered  with  plaster.  The  [)lace  of  sacrifice,  is  a 
s«juare  stone  structure,  si.\ty-six  feet  on  each  side  at 
its  base,  and  in  pyramid  form.  The  City  was  in  its 
greatest  splendor,  when  conquered  by  Alvaiado.  Its 
l)roximity  to  Mexico,  i  being  only  about  sixty  miles 
distant,)  and  to  their  chief  ruins  of  Palenca.  is  in 
accordance  with  the  history  of  both  nations,  which 
claim  the  same  origin. 


TICK   AMARACAN   OU   A:MEHI(AN   NATIONAL   HISTORY. 

These  celebrated  Amaracans  or  Americans — im- 
properly  called     l'i'ruvians,--had    a    sacred    book" 


oxistiDK,  and  the  most  nucieiit  raci'  on  tlio  t^oiitiiii'nt.  Tn  tliu  niapcf  Ti  in,  by  the 
Ilalihiyt  Siiciofy ;  sill  wiii^,' "  the  I'laillt;  of  the  Viicas,"  may  bi' sieii  .\ijwnr<icii.  In 
this  iiciyliborliooil,  in  an  Aluaiii-an  City,  whicli  Cir/a  ih- Lonn  says,  is  tlic  liucst  iu 
America, witli  iua},'nifii'fUt  housis,  built  of  cut  stoneauil  massive  furlitieatioiiH.  The 
uamo  given  it  was  Quamanua,  but  we  lind  in  Torri'S  dictinnary,  tliat  Hiia-Manca  is 
more  correct.  Wlicn  tlie  Ayniaras  inovoil  Mouth,  th<y  iirobalily  f(-unilt'(l  anotlicr 
IIiia-Amaraca,  before  tlic  Ini  a  Kings  foll(iWt(l,  and  tocli  it  Ironi  them.  The  war 
whicli  liroke  out  betwcn  Ataliuallpa,  and  Huasear,  In  gau  l.y  the  fornurs  s.  iznrp 
of  a  ricli  i  rovince,  in  liis  lirothets  Kingdom,  wlio  tool;  liini  jn'isoncr,  liut  hi'  escaiiid, 
and  tiild  Ids  iioople,  tliat  tlie  Sun  turind  liim  into  an  .1  m<trii,  whii  li  (>iial)lid  1dm  to 
riturn,and  this  inlUimcd  their  religious  sentiment  to  sueh  an  extent,  that  tiny  van- 
quished the  enemy,  and  eaptured  King  Iluaaoar.  (Ciezade  Leon  aplhikluyt  Soeioty). 


1  See  map. 


'  Popol  Vuh." 


-v^ 


"^        /vis 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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f  IlM  IlM 

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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y    14580 

(716)  872-4503 


w. 


p^^mF 


93 


DISCOM.RV  OF  THE  ORIGIN  01-   THE 


wliicli  ex^Jaiiis  clearly,  the  origin  of  their illustiious 
national  name.  This  history  relates;  that  two  Mexi- 
can ])i'inces,'  were  execnted  by  command  of  two  kings, 
on  a  charge  of  creating  a  revolt,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Xibalba.-  As  a  monnment  of  their  punishment,  the 
head  of  one  of  them,  was  placed  on  a  dead  tree, 
which  immediately  returned  to  life  and  bore  fruit. 

The  kings  forbade  any  one  to  touch  it,  but  the 
daughter  of  a  Xibalbian  Prince,^  strangely  enough 
for  one  of  the  fair  sex,  is  prompted  by  curiosity,  to 
go  and  take  some  of  the  forbidden  fruit.  On  ap- 
proaching the  tree,  a  voice  from  the  Prince's  head 
warns  her,  and,  asking  her  desire,  he  commands 
that  she  extend  her  arms,  when  he  places  sacred 
saliva  on  her  hand,  which  inunediately  disappears. 
The  Princess  returns  home;  is  accused  by  her  father 
of  assisting  the  traitors;  she  pleads  innocence,  but  is 
condemned  to  death  b}^  the  Court.     Then,  aided  by 

1  IIunliUM  Alipu  anil  Vukuli  Huii  Aliini. 

2  DnriiiH  the  i-eigu  of  Hun  Va.\w  and  Vukub  Canit', 

3  Uuuhuu  Ahpii.  I  iMniic. 

Tulan,  is  Paul  to  liavo  lipon  the  cliicf  cduntry  of  tlio  ancient  Sloxii-ans,  wliii'li 
some  unthciriliea  sui)1)ok(i,  was  near  I'alcnca,  the  uiinio  givou  to  tho  i)rincii)al  ruins 
of  Ciiitral  America,  (liscoverod  dnrinn  the  middle  of  tho  last  century,  as  it  was  the 
nearest  village.  Theso  ruins  of  forty-four  towns,  coverinn  about  twenty-eight 
mileg,  were  so  well  hidden  by  a  dense  forest,  that  people  living  only  a  few  miles 
away,  had  never  heard  of  them.  Tlu^  "  Popol  Vuli  "  states,  that  a  revolt  against  the 
kinjjdoni  of  Xibalba,  wiiicli  was  anterior  to  that  of  tlie  Toltecas— ended  in  the 
foundation  of  the  (,)uiclia  race,  wliieli  was  their  generic  name.  They  claim  descent 
from  the  Toltecas  of  'J'ulan,  like  tho  Mexicans,  in  whose  language,  oUen,  means  the, 
sun,  tcca,  people,  and  ot,  country  The  name  of  Tulan,  suggests  an  error  of  fre- 
quent occurrence,  the  loss  of  an  initial  vowel,  and  was  probably  otoUeu,  or  Country 
of  the  Huu,  wliose  people  were  tho  ot-ol-tecas,  er  people  of  the  Sun  Country,  now 
written  Xolteca,  aud  we  find*  this  place,  near  the  capital  of  Amarca   or  America; 

*  See  map. 


NAME  OF  AMERICA. 


93 


the  executioners,  slie  escapes  the  |jenalty,  and 
going  to  the  mother  of  the  Prince,  is  received 
as  a  daiightor-in-law,  remaining  there  until  the 
birth  of  twin  brothers,^  who  go  to  Xibalba  and  per- 
form many  wonders,  kilhng  and  restoring  them- 
selves to  life.  The  Kings  command  that  they 
repeat  this  with  them,  whereon  they  kill  their 
majesties,  but  do  not  restore  them.  Then,  they  tell 
the  people,  that  they  are  the  sons  uf  one  of  the 
heroes,  executed  by  these  kings,  and  that  they  have 
thus  avenged  their  father.  They  then  retire  to 
Utlatlan,  the  seat  of  the  connnon  people,  declare 
war,  defeat  Xibalba,'  uu^  f-nu  an  empire,  making 
Utlatlan  the  capital,  buu  changing  its  name  to 
Amarca  before  doing  so. 

Cassa-Amaraco;'  was  the  royal  sacred  necropolis, 
and  near  it  is  Yw\i- Amarca,  where  the  sulphur 
springs  are  still  called,  the  "Kings'  baths."  Yun- 
Amaraca,  was  their  Hercules,  from  y:m,'  "behold," 
the  present  indicative  of  the  verb,  yanhal,  to  be. 

whoso  iieoiilu  avow,  that  its  former  naniu  was  I'thitlaii,— jirobaMy  also  a  cor- 
riiiitiou  of  otollen,  or  Tiilau— from  which  botliJuationH  claim  ilesceiit,  ami  the 
name  Am-eri-ca  is  a  translation  of  it,  written  by  tlie  sign  of  tlio  cross  ana  snake— 
which  meant  the  great  Suu;  iironouuccd  Amiiru— with  c»  or  laml,  and  this  alHO 
agrees,  with  the  name  given  to  America, — discovered  in  983  a.  i>.  tjy  the  Icelander, 
Hanson— and  mentioned  in  their  history  as  Irland-ik  mitla,  "  trlandthe-great." 
The  sign  of  11,  the  Sun  as  15a,  Kiie,  Aryan,  I'ira-coiha  et<-.  was  universal, 
Ireland  is  Eire— the  Sun— in  the  Irish  Celtic  history,  but  as  the  UermHns  always 
add  the  word  land,  to  the  names  of  countries,  they  called  it  Eire,  or  Ir-lant'. 

1  Hun  Ahpu  BDd  Xbalonca. 

■^  This  war  against  Xibalba,  by  A'balrnca  anil  his  tirother,  may  explain  the  ruins 
of  J'alinca, 

:i  The  Kings  performed  miracles  here.    Uakluyt  See.  Vol.  48,  p.  «.    Malte-Brun, 
5th  Edn,,  Vol.  1,  p.  :J7U. 

*  Torres. 


I 


m 


I   r-i 


iW 


^ 


t>4 


DISCOVERY  OF  THE  ORIGIN  OF  THE 


"Behold  America'"  was  an  appropriate  name  for  the 
American  Hercules.  There  was  Vin-Amarca,'  in 
the  gulf  where  jVIanco  Cai)ac,  the  prince  of  Ameri- 
can legislators  and  first  Inca  King,  received  his  divine 
vocation.  Then  there  were  tlie  cities  of  Arm  — 
Amiurxi,Q\\'i\v^\-A\nerca,\]xYCi-Amanxi,"(^^i-Amarvu 
— Q,-S\\-2hnavcu^  and  Pa-tinamit- J »#«rc«,  or  "  Amer- 
ica the  capitol'' — the  only  one  which  appears  in  their 
ancient  documents  and  sacred  history,  as  the  foun- 
dation of  their  Kingdom. 


i 


SPLENDOR  OF  THE  KINGS  OP    AMERICA  ;   THEIR    MOUN- 
TAIN CITIES,  PALACES,  AND  CUSTOMS. 

The  Kings  or  Incas — according  to  their  own,  and 
other  native  history — were  conquerors  of  nations, 
already  in  an  advanced  state  of  civilization.  Tliey 
selected  the  very  best  and  richest  parts  of  the  con- 
tinent fur  their  strongholds,  and  paid  ])articular 
attention  to  its  gold  mines,  which  were  nearly  all  in 
the  Andes, — the  most  compact  mountain  system  in 
the  world,  running  along  the  Pacihc  coast,  almost 
the  entire  length  of  South  America,  from  Patagonia; 
the  southern  end  of  the  Pacific  ocean,  to  tiie  Carri- 
bean  sea  in  the  Atlantic,  a  distance  of  at  least  4,500 
miles. 

At  latitude  'I'T  south,  this  mountain  divides  into 
two  colossal  ridges,  which  enclose  a  valle\',  five  hun- 

1  :\liilti-Hrun,  r)th  Kiln.,  Vol.  2,  p.  27Ci.      -•  Malte-liruD,  Tyth  EtlD.,  Vol.  3,  \>.  278 
;:  Ciiut-.  anifxrcil.    llakluyt  Soc.  IMaii  of  ruru. 


I 


NAME  OF  AMERICA. 


95 


dred  miles  long,  thirty  to  sixty  wide,  thirteen  hun- 
dred feet  ahove  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  so  completely 
walled  in  by  high  mountains;  that  its  streams— 
which  have  not  any  outlet  apparently— meet  in  a 
famous  lake  of  4,000  square  miles,  (Titicaca);  the 
largest  ni  South  America— wliere  the  beautiful  pal- 
aces of  the  vestal  virgins  (of  Amaraca),  in  the  island 
Coati,  have  been  excavated  for  centuries— the  work 
still  going  on— a  SpanisJi  explorer  having  found  gold 
and  silver,  to  the  extent  of  S4,45()^oso  in  one  of  them. 
In  another  isle  of  this  lake:  where  the  first  American 
High  -  priest— Manco  Capae— received  his  divine  call 
from  heaven,— becomiiig  a  child  of  the  Sun,— there 
are  immense  sacred  ruins,  and  at  Ti-Huanco,  a  tra- 
dition is  still  repeated;  of  large  vaults,  filled  with 
treasure,  beneath  the  great  mound,  and  a  subteria- 
neouB  passage  leading  to  Cuzco~one  of  the  loyal 
cities— four  hundred  miles  away,  where— among 
the  innumerable  sculptures— the  Amaru;  or  great 
serpents  predominate:  whose  swift  quivering  move- 
ment, was  taken  as  an  emblem  of  the  streaks  of 
lightning,  so  often  seen  there,  and  said  to  come 
from  the  Sun— a  belief  indirectly  true. 

The  Amav li-diAWdXvA.,  or  palace  of  snakes— with  its 
cornices  and  interior  walls  covered  with  gold'— and 
tlie  temple  of  the  Sun,  were  immense  stone  buildings, 
enclosing  large  aqueducts  and  gardens,  kept  in  order 
by  priests— four  thousand  of  whom,  were  attached 

'  Soe  Pres=cott's  Histmy  nf  Ww  CoiKjucst  of  Ppru. 


I 


!■ 


90 


PfSCOVKNY  OF  T//E  OK/C/X  OF  THE 


f 


to  the  latter  temple,  where  the  royal  family  alone 
could  enter;  the  surrounding  gi-ound  heing  consid- 
ered so  holy,  that  one  could  only  walk  with  hare  feet 
within  two  hundj-ed  paces  of  it.  Of  the  three  hun- 
dred temples  at  Cuzco,  this  one— unsurpassed  in  the 
greatness  and  richness  of  its  decorations'  by  any 
building  in  the  world — is  only  one  instance,  of  the 
immense  value  of  the  treasures  of  Amaraca,  before 
the  Spanish  invasion.  Near  this  city,  is  Ollentay- 
tambo;  with  numerous  ]ialaces  and  buildings, wrought 
in  polished  marble;  where  that  of  the  Mrgins  of  the 
Sun — a  marvel  of  Amaracan  art — was  well  guarded 
by  its  position  ;tnd  bridges,  not  far  from  a  rocky 
mountain,  which  may  still  be  seen,  for  a  mile  long 
and  seven  hundred  feet  wide,  r^pparently  covered 
with  white  specks,  which  are  tombs  cut  in  the  solid 
rock.  The  roads  in  this  kingdom;  says  Baron  de 
Haniboldt,"  "are  the  most  useful  and  stupendous 
works,  ever  executed  by  man."  Their  foui*  chief 
routes  from  Cuzco,  rival  the  best  lioman  work, 
frequently  going  into  the  region  of  perpetual  snow — 
completely  closed  in  winter— through  tunnels  cut  in 
solid  rock— over  giant  precipices  by  steps — cross- 
ing rivers  by  solid  mason r}'^  or  suspension  bridges 
swung  with  osier  ropes,  leading  along  the  table 
lands  of  Pasco — the  highest  point  of  the  Andes  occu- 
pied by  man — to  their  richest  silver  mines,  at  an 
elevation  of  fourteen  thousand  feet  above  the  level 


•  See  Prescott's  History  of  the  Comiuest  of  Peru. 


5  Vtu'H  (lc8  CorililkTiis. 


NAME  OF  AMER!CA. 


97 


of  the  sea;  and  on.'y  fifteen  liundivrl  below  the  per- 
petual snow  line.  TI.ere  are  eij^lit  of  these  great 
hi^diways  in  Chili,  six  in  Bolivia,  and  three  in 
Peru. 

The  valleys  of  the  great  branches  of  the  Andes, 
are  also  specially  adapted  for  these  roads,  which  are 
connected  with  the  sea  coast,  by  various  passes  over 
the  western  mountains— one  of  them  running  from 
the  Pacific  seaport  of  Ti-uxillo,  crosses  over  a  sum- 
mit of  11,000  feet,  befoi-e  reaching  Cassa-Amaraca, 
the  capitol  of  the  Kings,  iK^ar  which  are  the  ruins  of 
excavationsthrough  these  mountains,  made  to  afford 
an  outlet  to  a  lake   which  had-during  the  rainy 
season— inundated  the  surrounding  country  includ- 
ing the  valley  of  Curymayo,  where  gold  was  found 
m  great  quantities  and  smelted  in  furnaces.     This 
road  is  continued  to  Popayan,  and  ending  at  Bogota; 
the  capitol  of  the  Kingdom  of  Cundin-Amaraca-is 
still  a  celebrated  conmiercial  thoroughfare.     There 
are  immense  ruins  at  Cassa-Amaraca,  with  subter- 
ranean treasure  vaults  in  the  houses,  and  a  portion 
of  the  King's  palace  cut  out  of  solid  rock. 

Padre  Calancha— one  of  the  pioneers— referring  to 
the  buried  treasures  of  Cassa-Amaraca  and  other 
cities;  says  that,  "If  these  were  discovered;  they 
would  be  sufficient  to  enrich  the  world." 


nnr, 

I  ■   "J.y 


08 


/USCOl'/LNV  OF  THE  ORIGIN  OF  THE 


CUSTOMS  OF  THE   KINGDOM  OF  AMARACA  OR  AMP:RICA. 


t    ,  If 


liif 


If     \<\ 


TheMoii.'Uchtiavek'd  through  tlie  Kingdom;  along 
tho  hcaiitifiil  roads  they  had  made,  in  a  sedan, 
covered  with  oxcjuisite  embroidery  and  gold,  carried 
by  a  large  number  of  men,  who  waited  impatiently 
for  the  honor,  at  all  the  stations,  which  were  very 
numerous,  with  government  buildings  reserved  for 
the  Sovereign  and  his  suite,  or  royal  palaces  in  their 
cities.  The  roads  were  prepared  by  the  peoi)le — when 
the  intended  visit  was  announced,  -who  strewed  the 
path  with  flowers,  made  floral  ai'ches,  and  received 
the  monarch  with  the  utmost  enthusiasm;  as  he 
stopped  on  the  way  to  give  his  decision,  on  questions 
left  by  the  judges  for  a  royal  fiat. 

Prayers  and  acclamations  arose,  as  he  raised  the 
curtain,  and  appeared  to  the  crowd,  who  ^\aited  at 
every  point  to  see  him;  and  wherever  he  stopped  be- 
came sacred. 

Small  houses  were  also  erected  at  distances  of 
five  miles,  for  the  royal  postmen,  who  carried  mes- 
sages at  the  speed  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  a 
day,  and  also  brought  fish,  game,  and  fruit  for  the 
court.  I 

The  Kings  were  continually  making  conquests; 
by  i)eacefully  insisting  on  the  chiefs  to  recognize 
them;  and  by  war,  in  case  of  refusal.     Their  army 

•  Purchiis,  lOli,  p.  lOOG. 


XAME  OF  .l.)/ER/CA. 


99 


of  two  Immlred  thoiisaiKl  niei),i  fought  with  toma- 
hawks, bows,  arrows,  and  lances  of  shai'i)  bono  or 
copi)er,  and  sHngs,  wliilo  the  nohihty  used  gold  or 
silver  mounted  weapons,  wearing  helmets  of  wood, 
or  tiger  skins,  decorated  with  feathers. 

The  eldest  son— always  the  heir  apparent  to  the 
throne— was  educated  by  the  College  Professoi's,-  in 
exei-cises  specially  religious  and  military.     All  the  re- 
lations of  the  royal  family,  and  these  Professors,— 
one  of  its  castes,— were  examined  at  tae  age  of  six- 
teen for  admission,  as  every  nobleman  had  to  prove 
himself  worthy  of  the  honor,  before  being  accepted. 
The  examination— which   lasted   thirty  days—was 
performed  by  the  oldest  and  most  illustrious  of  the 
nobility.     The  candidates— who  wore  white  shirts, 
with  a  cross  embroidered  in  front— were  obliged  to 
show   their  efficiency  in  war  exercises,  wrestling, 
boxing,    running   long  distances,   fasts  of    several 
days,  imaginary  battles,  in  which  they  were  wounded, 
and  sometimes  killed,  sleeping  on  the  ground,  and 
going  barefooted  to  inspire  sympathy  for  the  unfort- 
unate. 

The  heir  to  the  throne  was  not  exempt  from  this 
discipline,  or  favored  in  any  way— and  if  selected, 
was  presented  with  the  others;  (who  had  been  suc- 
cessful), to  the  Sovereign,  who,  after  congratulating 
them,  dwelt  on  the  responsibilities  of  their  high 


ill 


>  Haklu.vt,  Vo).  48. 


■^i.«^ai^»^S*. 


M 


...      ^,t''-' 


100 


DlSCO]-EKY  OI'   I J  IE  OK/ULV  O/-   TJIE 


ri 


position  as  cliiJilren  of  the  Sun,  and  rcconirnendcJ 
tliom  to  follow  liis  example,  as  tlu^y  knelt  before  him 
one  by  one,  so  that  their  ears  might  be  pierced  with 
a  golden  wire :  (before  putting  in  the  immense 
rings— only  worn  by  the  royal  family — )  which  con- 
sequently became  so  long,  that  they  almost  patted 
them  on  the  slioulder. 

While  the  candidate's  ear  was  prepared  by  the 
King  for  this  honor,  a  nol)le  i)ut  on  the  sandals  of 
royalty;  and  a  sash  around  the  waist,  when  they 
were  crowned  with  tlowers  and  evergreen,  as  an  em- 
blem of  virtue.  The  head  of  the  prince  was  alone 
adorned  with  a  yellow  tassel  of  Vicuna  wool,  after 
which  the  nobles,— beginning  with  his  nearest  re- 
lations—knelt before  him  as  the  heir  apparent,  and 
finally,  they  all  assembled  in  the  great  square  of  the 
Capitol,  wliere  national  songs,  dances,  and  fetes,  in- 
cluding theatrical  performances — some  of  which 
have  been  preserved — closed  with  the  important 
ceremony  of  the  Hua-Aracu. 

In  their  schools;  the  Professors  read  their  na- 
tional history  from  pictorial  signs  to  the  scholars, 
while  the  King  opened  the  spring  season,  by  cutting 
the  ground  with  a  golden  hatchet  to  inaugurate 
planting;  nor  did  anyone  dare  to  reap  a  blade  of  the 
autumn  harvest,  until  he  had  gathered  the  first  seeds, 
which  were  preserved  and  sown  in  small  quantities 
all  over  the  Kingdou],  as  a  blessing  for  the  future 
crop. 


'\:ii^mi^ 


NA.\rE  OF  AMERICA. 


101 


The  rojcal  family  had  many  privileges.  The 
choicest  lands  were  reserved  for  them;  and  living 
at  Court  near  the  King;  were  members  of  his  Council, 
dining  with  him  or  from  his  table. 

They  alone  performed  sacred  rites,  commanded 
the  armies,  and  governed  the  provinces,  filling  every 
position  of  trust. 

The  second  noble  caste,  were  the  chiefs  of  con- 
quered provinces,— called  Curaca  or  Ceci(iue~who 
were  obliged  to  educate  their  sons  at  the  capitol: 
and  to  visit  it  occasionally  themselves— as  well  as  to 
speak  the  ^uichua  or  national  diplomatic  language. 
The  entire  Kingdom  was  divided  into  principalities 
of  ten  thousand  inhabitants,  under  a  royal  governor, 
who  was  obliged  to  deliver  judgmerl  in  law  cases, 
within  five  days,  from  which  there  was  no  appeal. 

Inspectors  visited  the  cities  to  investigate  the 
conduct  of  Judges,  and  examine  the  monthly  reports, 
made  by  the  lower,  to  the  Supreme  Courts;  who 
reported  to  the  Governors. 

From  every  ten  persons,  one  was  chosen,  who  was 
obliged  to  see  that  they  received  justice  in  the 
administration  of  the  law;  and  then  they  were  divided 
into  jurisdictions  of  50,  100,  .500,  and  1,000,  over 
whom  officers  were  appointed.' 

The  Kingdom  was  equally  divided  into  three 
parts;  for  the  King,  the  Sun,  and  the  people.  The 
first,  supported  ])ublic  worship,  the  second,  the  Gov- 

'  Xiniimes  ap.  Helps. 


li 


■  m, 


m 


103 


niscovERY  or  the  oricix  or  the 


crnniciit.  and  Iho  third  was  dividtd  in  (M|ual  shares 
amoiij;  the  peoplo,  who  fust  tilled  the  lands  of  the 
Sun,  thou  of  the  old  or  sick,  the  widow,  orphan  and 
soldiers  in  service,  then,  each  one  his  own  ground — 
also  assisting  any  noighhor  who  had  a  large  family — 
and  lastly,  the  lands  of  the  King,  very  ostenta- 
tiously, by  the  community.  A  royal  proclamation 
every  morning,  was  answered  by  the  eiilirr  liouse- 
hold  in  their  best  attire,  who  sang  ballads  of  the 
King's  great  deeds  as  the  work  went  on,  keej)ing 
time  with  the  music,  of  which  the  chorus  "  hailli  " 
or  triumph,  was  the  theme. 

The  American  King — like  the  Chinese  Buddist 
pontiff — was  the  human  habitation  of  the  divine 
spirit.  His  relations  went  barefooted  before  him, 
always  carrying  something  as  an  emblem  of  hom- 
age. 1 

He  was  high  priest  of  all  great  leligious  festi  /als, 
raised  ariuies,  whicli  he  commanded  personally, 
made  law^s,  regulated  taxation,  appo?nted  anl  re- 
moved Judges  at  pleasure.  His  dress  was  of  the 
finest  Vicuna  wool,  beautifully  dyed  and  ornamented 
with  gold,  pearls,  and  emeralds,  while  his  unique 
turban  of  various  colors,  was  surmounted  by  two 
feathers  of  a  bird  so  seldom  found;  that  it  was  death 
to  destroy.  His  inspection  of  the  lower  classes  was 
frequent,  while  he  drank  the  health  of  those  of  the 
nobility,  whom  he  wished  to  honor,  at  state  dinners, 


>  Hakluyt,  Vol.  48. 


X.IME  o/-  .im/:k/ca. 


103 


whifh   were    prfpiirwl    witli   groat    pomp  and   dig- 
nity.' 

TIic  flocks  of  hIkm'p  wor(>  for  tlio  Sun  and  King, 
wlioso  slicphcrds — choosing  their  own  soasonahle 
cHmatcs  in  the  mountains;  whidi  oflfored  uvery 
possihlo  variation— sent  males  only,  to  tho  capitol, 
for  the  i-oyal  tahle  and  for  sacrifice,  while  theii'  wool 
was  stored  and  served  to  families  who  weaved. ' 

Mairiago  was  compulsory,  hetween  eiglitoen  and 
twenty  for  tho  fair  sex,  and  not  later  than  twenty- 
four  for  men.  The  King  performed  tho  ceremony  for 
the  nohility;  hy  taking  hoth  hands  of  the  hride  and 
groom  in  his,  while  announcing,  they  wore  married; 
which  is  as  prompt  as  the  Mohammedan  divorce 
law,  where  the  husband  merely  says  "  ta  lek," — 
you  are  divoi'ced. 

Marriages  of  the  nobility  wore  very  fashionable. 
The  bride  \v:u,  paude'l !  and  decorated  with  nnich 
taste.  She  was  covered  from  waist  t(^  kjiee  with 
an  exquisite  tunic  of  rich  featheivs,  while  rare  shells 
or  pearls  adorned  her  person,  and  a  golden  plate 
and  chain  emhellislied  her  neck.  Songs  and  dancing 
announced  the  arrival  at  her  father's  house,  of  six 
noblemen,  preceded  by  musicians  and  two  bearers  of 
magnificent  feather  fans,  followed  by  ballet  dancers 
and  the  bride's  relatives.  She  appeared  immediately, 
and  ascending  floral  stops;  was  placed  by  her  parents 
in  a  beautiful    sedan    chair — crowned  with   green 

•  GarcilaBso  de  Vega  ap.  Helps.  i  Hakluyt,  Vol.  ix. 


I  !•! 


^1 


104 


D/SCOl'ENV  or  THE  OA'/G/X  OF  THE 


boughs  iind  floi'al  decorations — vvhicli  rested  on  the 
shoulde's  of  noblemen,  who  carried lier  to  the  bi-ide- 
groom's  residence,  where  she  was  received  by  Lords 
in  waiting  and  conducted  to  a  seat  by  the  side  of  the 
future  husband,  who  rose  from   an  elevated  dais  to 


AN   AMEKIl'AN   UKIIlE. 


escort  her  to  the  King,  \\here  they  all  proceeded  witii 
much  pom])  and  ceremony,  while  bridesmaids 
fanned  them  in  warm  w^eatiier,  with  an  assortment 
of  beautiful  tropical  feathers,  offering  in  season  the 
unfermented  juice  of  grapes,  or  a  sort  of  orange 
sherbet  in  golden  goblets,  until  arriving  at  the  royal 


\^^ji*f 


NAME  OF  AMERICA. 


105 


palace,  whore  the  King;  takino-  both  hands  in  his,  as 
they  knelt  before  him,  invoked  an  eternal  blessing 
Towards  sunset,  the  Chief  and  his  young  bi-ide 
walked  into  an  open  field  followed  by  all  the  people, 
and  kneeling  towards  the  west,  commended  them- 
selves and  their  ])ostei-ity  to  divine  ])rotection. 

After  sunset,  the  people  danced  to  the  music  of 
the  reed  and  tambourine,  until  the  stais  appeared, 
when  festive  lamps  suirounding  the  bridegroom's 
house,  announced  tlie  marriage -feast. 

The  Governors  of  districts,  performed  a  similar 
service  for  the  people;  whose  relations  met  in   the 
square  of  the  town  to    witness  the  ceremony,  after 
which,  sufficient  land  and  a  house   was  allotted  by 
the  government,   who  changed  these  divisions  an- 
nually; according   to  the    number   of    people  com- 
posing   each  family,    of  whom   the    King  received 
annual  reports;  giving  the  total  number  of  births, 
deaths,  and  marriages,  as  well  as  agricultural  stat- 
istics. The  royal  palaces  were  closed  on  the  Monarch's 
<leath,  excepting  one,  which  was  kept  open  in  state 
by  his  guard  and  attendants;  as  they  believed— like 
the   Egyptians— that  the  soul   would  i-einhabit  the 
royal   body  at  a  later  period,  and  therefore  every- 
thing was  pieserved  for   his  return,  while  they  cele- 
brated  with    royal  splendor,  the  obsequies  of   every 
King,  called  to  the  mansion  of  his  fatlicr  the  Sun, 
embalming  their  bodies,  which  were  placed  in  rows 
in  the  temple,  dressed  in  state,  with  gold  chains,  and 


M 


lOG 


DISCOVERY  OF  THE  ORICLX  OF  THE 


arms  crossed,  seated  in  chairs  of  gold;  the  Kings  to 
the  riglit  and  Q)ueens  to  tlie  left  of  the  snn. 

A  Spaniard  fonnd  gold  to  the  value  of  $1,000,000 
at  Truxillo,  in  one  of  those  royal  tombs,  where 
immense  treasure  was  often  discovered^  Their 
palaces,  were  lavishly  studded  with  gold  and  silv<3r 
ornaments,  of  which  everything  ])ossil)le  was  made, 
while  the  artistic  designs  in  American  wool  were 
so  exquisite,  that  they  w'ere  used  in  the  royal  palaces 
of  Charles  V.  The  groves,  flowers  and  baths, — 
supplied  by  silver  pipes  and  golden  basins, — and  the 
fountains  or  flower  imitations  in  both  metals,  were 
ex(iuisite ;  and  came  from  the  overflowing  gold 
mountains,  which  solely  supplied  the  Monarch 

The  government  regulated  the  amount  of  work, 
to  be  done  by  each  one  for  the  state,  and  the 
surplus  harvest  of  the  Sun  or  King,  w\as  put  into 
stone  warehouses,  and  divided  among  the  people  in 
seasons  o^  sickness,  misfortune,  or  want.  These 
were  found  by  tlie  Spaniards  at  Qixyi-AmQtrava, 
full  of  maize,  cocoa,  woollen  and  cotton  clothing, 
vases,  gold,  silver  and  copper. - 

Cassa-Amai'ca  is  now  a  department  in  northern 
Peru,  with  a  population  of  280,000  people,  though 
only  fourteen  thousand  scpiare  miles,  a  very  small 
part  of  its  ancient  area.  It  is  between  6^  and  8°  N. 
latitude— 78"  longitude— one  of  the  most  fertile  parts 
of  South  America,  where  many  of  the  descendants 


1  Hutuboiat. 


iPurcliiis  YAw.  1614,  p.  10,1!). 


NAME  OF  AMERICA. 


107 


.'■:'fl 


of  the  American  nobility  still  reside,— one  of  whose 
Kin^^s  is  quoted  as  saying,  that;  *'as  the  enemy  and 
all  I  hat  belongs  to  them  will  soon  be  ours,  we  must 
be  careful  to  destroy  as  litt'e  as  we  can  of  our  own 
])roperty." 

After  every  conquest,  the  national  faith  was 
inimediately  establislied:  for  which  temples  were 
built  and  priests  sent  to  convert  the  nation;  whose 
religions  u'ere  also  respected,  while  the  country  was 
surveyed  to  ascertain  its  fertility,  and  the  chiefs 
and  their  sons  were  immediately  sent  to  the  capitol 
to  be  instructed  in  the  language,  court  etiquette, 
and  government,  before  returning  to  represent  the 
King. 

No  one  was  eligible  for  any  government  office, 
who  did  not  speak  the  national  language,  teachers 
of  which  were  found  in  all  the  towns  and  villages,— 
but  only  the  chiefs  learned  it,  for— as  the  King 
Tupac  Yupanqui,  said,  "Science  was  not  intended 
for  the  people;  but  for  those  of  generous  blood. 
Persons  of  low  degree  are  only  made  vain  by  it, 
neither  should  they  interfere  with  the  affairs  of 
government,  for  this  would  bring  high  offices  into 
disrepute  and  injure  the  empire,  "i 

AVIien  the  kingdom  of  Quito  was  conquered, » 
superb  routes  were  made  along  tbe  mountains,  with 
hotels,  stores,  and  royal  residences  for  tlie  sovereign 
and  his  suite. 


w 


m 


'  See  Preecott's  History  of  the  Conquest  of  Peru. 


V 


lOS 


P/SCOrKRV  OF  THE  OR/CIA'  OF  THE 


It  was  the  last  of  this  royal  race,  who  built  the 
edifices  which  are  to  day  the  ruins  to  be  seen,  from 
the  modern  ])rovince  of  Cassa-Amarca— the  south- 
ern limit  of  the  ancient  Kingdom  of  Quito — to  the 
mountains  of  Pastos. 

Their  chief  road,  with  this  last  addition,  was  fifteen 
hundred  miles  long,  forty  feet  wide,  regularly  macad- 
amized, with  solid  masonry  over  the  marshes,  and  it 
was  continued  from  Quito  to  Cundin-Amaica. ' 

We  have  therefore,  at  the  period  of  the  Spanish 
pioneers,  the  South  American  continent,  under  two 
great  Kingdoms,  of  one  name,  and  probably  only 
one  government;  in  an  advanced  state  of  civilization, 
civilly  if  not  morally. 

The  population  of  the  Empire  of  Amariica — 
which  extended  along  the  l*acific  coast  for  three 
thousand  miles — was  estimated  at  twelve  millions. 

Huayna-Capac — who  was  one  of  the  most  illus- 
trious of  the  American  Kings — had  subdued  the 
entire  country  surrounding  Quito,  and  the  Queen 
of  the  newly  conquered  territory,  became  one  of 
bis  wives,  by  whom  he  had  a  son  named  Atahualpa, 
who  was  his  favorite,  although  his  brother,  Huascar, 
was  the  la\\'ful  heir  to  the  throne.  During  the 
Monarch's  last  days,  this  Queen  induced  him  to 
issue  a  decree,  by  which  her  son  was  to  succeed 
him  as  the  King  of  Quito;  while  his  brother,  the 
heir  apparent,  was  to  reign  m  the  ancient  King- 

•  IIuiul)ol<U,  vol.  I. 


-]•>   ;i 


A'.LVE  OF  A.VERICA. 


109 


\\      ' 


tloni.  At  the  King's  death,  Ataliiialpa  prcK.'eeded  to 
the  capitol  of  Quito,  whore  he  was  royally  received, 
and  assumed  the  Crown, 

Tlie  late  King  had  asserted,  that  this  decree  was 
not  contrary  to  the  national  law  of  primogeniture; 
as  ho  was  only  returning  Atahualpa,  to  the  nation 
of  which  he  was  the  legitimate  sovereign — Quito 
being  a  new  conquest. 


KINO   ATAHUAhl'A,  ATTACKS   HIS   IIIIOTHEUS  AUMY   NEAR  L'ASKA-AMABACA. 

Historians  disagree  as  to  Llie  cause  of  the  war 
between  the  brotheis;  in  which  Atahualpa  defeated 
Hunscai's  army,  annexed  his  Kingdom,  and  impris- 
oned himself  in  the  fortified  city  of  And-^lmaraca,^ 
where  he  was  held,  when  the  Spaniards  arrived  in 
Cassa-J.?«araca. 

•  Prescott's  History  of  Peru. 


m 


V   ii 


.  If 


110 


DISCOVERY  OI-   THE  ORIUIX  OF  THE 


It  was  some  time,  however,  before  the  country 
became  known  under  the  name  of  America,  and 
Bishop  Geraldini,  writing  from  the  new  lands  in 
1515,  said  clearly,  in  a  letter  addressed  to  l'o|te 
Leon  X.  "That  the  islaml  was^  laiger  than  Europe 
xmd  Asia,  which  tlie  ignorant  call  Asia,  and  others 
America  or  Paria."^ 

The  Spaniards  could  not  have  annihilated  the 
national  traditions,  even  if  they  desired  to  do  so, 
and  for  years,  in  order  to  satisfy  the  natives,  they 
were  obli(jed  to  appoint  a  descendant  of  the  Kings, 
who— so  far  as  they  knew — wab  still  suitreme  ruler 
•of  the  Empire. 

THE    NATIVE    SYSTEM   OF    WRITING  THE    MOST     ILLUS- 
TlilOUS  ANCIENT  NATIONAL  NAME  OF  AMERICA. 

Nearly  all  the  early  navigators  to  America,  wrote 
their  voyages;  and  made  maps;  many  of  which 
were  published. 

The  earliest  of  these,  known  to  be  in  existence, 
may  be  peen  in  the  Royal  Spanish  Naval  Museum; 
or  a  copy  of  it,  at  the  Astor  library.  New  York.- 

It  was  made  by  Juan  de  la  Cosa,  a  companion  of 
Columbus,  who  also  sent  several  to  the  Spanish 
government,  and  one  to  Pope  Alexander;  but  it  is 
not  known  what  has  become  of  them.  The  next 
map  we  find,  was  by  Cortereal,  who  had  made 
several  voyages  to  America  (1500-1)  and  gave  much 

'  Humboldt.  2  Jomard  collection. 


NAME  OF  AMERICA. 


Ill 


information  about  it  to  C'aiitino,  \vlio  was  the  Agent 
at  Lisbon  of  tlie  Duke  of  Farrara  (Italy),  for  the 
purpose  of  writing  any  news  of  these  discoveries, 
and  in  one  of  his  letters  (lU  Nov.  1502),  he  enclosed 
a  copy  of  the  "  chart,  to  navigate  to  the  island  \\i,w\y 
found  in  part  of  India,''  which  is  now  in  the  Estense 
Library,  at  Farrara.  •    A  brother  of  Columbus,  (Bar- 
tholomew), gave  a  map  to  the  Canon  of  the  church 
of  St.  John  of  Lateran,  at  Konie,  but  none  of  these 
were  recognized  as  standard  woi-ks  by  the  nautical 
world;   who  were  still  guided  by  those   originally 
issued  for    many  centuries,  by   the  Ptolemy  king^ 
of  Egypt,  which  the  Arab  Mohammedans  continued 
to  publish,  after  they  had  concjuered  that  historic- 
land,  but,  soon  after  Christianity  began  to  enlighten 
western  Europe;  one  of  these  works,  finding  its  way 
to  Rome,  became  the  pilot  of  the  christian  navigator. 
A  new  edition  was  generally  issued,  whenever 
any   important  discovery  had  been   made.      Pope 
Julius  II,  gave  the  exclusive  right  for  six  years,  to 
issue  an  edition  of  Ptolemy  (1506), -to  Toscinus,  the 
publisher-which  appeared  next    year,  containing 
six  new  maps  besides  those  of  the  previous  issues, 
(U7S-1490)  but  America  was  not  noticed  until  their 
edition  of    1508,    which    contained   a    supplement; 
giving  a  description  of  the  new  world  by  the  monk 
Beneventanus. 
This  delay  was  probably  caused  by  the  King  of 

'  Harisse,  Les  Cortoreal.    The  isUn.l  moaut  Auio.-:™. 


^1   I, 

fiii'p 

liiiil 


Hi  ^^fl 


w 


113 


DISCOVERY  OF  THE  ORIGIN  OF  THE 


Portugal,  who  had  made  the  first  known  European 
discovery  of  the  East  Indies,  after  Marco  Polo,  and 
was  ap})arontly  asserting,  that  tiie  new  Western 
islands  of  the  Spaniards,  were  only  part  of  his 
dominion;  in  consequence  of  which,  they  prohihited 
their  navigators  from  going  near  his  mines. '  The 
result  of  this  clann,  was  a  dividing  line,  drawn 
across  the  map  hy  the  Pope,  separating  the  limits  in 
which  each  of  these  nations  could  make  discoveries, 
in  order  to  avoid  dispute. 

The  Kings  of  America,  had  a  curious  system  of 
naming  their  cities  and  provinces.  The  sacred  city 
was  called  "the  capitol  of  America,"  and  others^ 
"  America  in  the  mountains,"  or  the  valley,  and 
similar  designations,-  hut  it  was  written  Amarca 
hy  the  Spaniards,  in  whose  language  the  word 
"  marca"  means  a  frontier,  and  from  this;  they  gave 
it  an  easy  form.  The  Baion  de  Humboldt  informs 
us;  that  the  early  Spaniards  gave  an  immense  number 
of  various  names  to  the  same  people,  who  only  spoke 
two  languages  on  the  mainland  first  discovered,  and 
they  often  added  consonants  to  names,  which  had  a 
vocal  initial."  When  the  Moors  were  masters  of 
Spain,  a  large  number  of  words  were  adopted  from 

>  Navarret3,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  85,  Ojeda. 

2  Cundin-Ainarca  :  Cax-Ainarca  ;  PuU-Amarca  ;  Yan-Atnarca  ;  Vin-Amarca, 
Aud-Amarca  ;  Uria-Aniaroa  ;  Cheupi— Amarca  ;  Cat-Aniarca  Call- Amarra- -Cant- 
Amarca. 

;i  It  is  on  the  map  of  Cortcreal  as  Tamaririue;  written  in  red,  to  show  that  it  wa» 
one  of  the  first  discovered,  and  the  map  of  Frisius  (1525)  who  .joined  the  maiulaud 
to  Africa,  contains  it.  He  must  have  understood  that  the  new  discovery  waft 
named  "Tamarique  "  or  "  Amerique  "  in  frencb. 


NAME  or  AMERICA. 


113 


their  language,  and  the  pronunciation  hardening 
materially,  become  at  that  time  very  gutteral; 
which  was  learned  from  their  conquerors,  in  whose 
Shemetic  tongue,  there  are  no  vowels. 

In  the  first  standard  map  of  tlie  world  showing 
the  Western  hemisphere,'  it  was  called  an  island,  and 
there  also  appeared,  another  named  "Tamaraqua," 
(meaning  "Amaraca"  or  "America  '')-  which  was  not 
an  island,  but  part  of  the  mainland  much  resembling 
one, '  as  may  bo  observed  by  our  sketch. 


»  Ptolemy.    1503. 

s  Hun;bol(U,  Relations  "  iRtoriiiues,  Vol.  IT,  ji.  402. 

Hence  wo  find  the  name  written  by  them  "Taiii!iua</Ha,"  Bliould  end  in  "  ca." 
The  custom  of  using  g  for  o,  is  also  referred  to  in  Torres'  Ameriniu  (Quiche)  dic- 
tionary p.  4.  "  Tambieu  se  udviurta,  que  ya  corruptumentc  se  usa  dela  G.  en 
lugar  de  la  C  6  dela  h  conio  Inga,  (iuaniauga  for  Incu  Uua-Mancu,  (juo  do  (se,  he 
luonunciar  segun  la  propriedad  dela  lengua  general,  ijue  no  admite  g  eu  su 
alfabeto  como  se  advirtio  al  lu'lncipo  " 

^  The  point  of  land,  bo  likean  isle,  and  now  known  as  Maraca-ibo,  was  no  doubt- 
part  of  Aniaraca-pana,  nientioneil  l)y  Humboldt,  and  it  is  a  curious  illustration  of 
these  early  errors,  to  find  it  I'allcdby  Ojeda,  the  iele,  province,  and  lake  of  Coijui- 
vacoa— which  the  Crown  appointed  him  governor  of,  though  existing  only  in  liis 
imagination;  but  they  soon  found  out  their  mistake,  for  the  name  C'oiiui,  meant 
Chibclil— the  Chibchi  royal  race  of  the  kingdom  of  Cundin-Aniaraca.  The  capo 
Chibchi  was  opposite  thesupiiosed  islc,(("odazzi  map  M)  and  Mtrcutcr  getting  nearer 
the  fact,  wrote  it  Cuchi,  and  otliers— Chibchi  *  which  they  fo)ind  later  on;  was  the 
name  of  the  peojile,  and  not  their  country:  and  altered  It  to  Maraca-i'io,  which  like 
Maraca  pana,  meant  Amaraca  or  America.  Humboldt  aaysf  tliat  only  two  languages 
were  spoken  on  the  mainland  first  visited;  that  of  the  Caribs— always  at  war  with 
the  people  of  Aniaraca-pana,  who  must  Ihereforehavo  spoken  the  other,  or  Tam- 
aiiagua.  "Tlio  Orenoco,"  ho  adds,  "  is  a  Tamanagua  word.  It  was  probably  from 
them  that  the  Spaniards  lirst  heard  of  the  treasures  of  Cundiu-Amaraca.  "  It  is 
evident,  that  tliese  people,  living  on  the  coast  of  Amaiaca,  were  tlie  .\mcriciius,  for 
which  the  name  Tamanagua,  and  tlie  isle  of  Tamaragua  arc  intended.  \Vc  supposed 
that  the  isle  of  Tamaragua,  might  have  meant  .Tanuiica.  pronounced  Il-im-alie-ca, 
by  the  Spaniards,  and  would  have  explained  the  caui-(>  of  :\lcreater's  calling  the 
West  Indies  "  Camercau  islands,"  but  the  evidence  we  found  disproved  it. 

.\merlcan  (Peruvian)  was  the  diplomatic  and  fashionable  language  of  the 
Western  hemispliere  at  the  time  of  the  Spanish  conijuest,);  as  we  now  find  French 


*  Kohl  Atlas,  p.  123. 


\  Vol.  II,  p.  402 


\  Pretcott's  history  of  Peru. 


114 


DISCOVERY  Oh   THE  ORIGIN  OF  77//-. 


SPAIN    PKOmniTS   OTHKHS    KKOM  TRADING   IN  THK   DIS- 
COV^KHIES  OF    COLUMBUS  ON   THK  MAINLAND: -THE 

COAST  or  Amaraca-pana. 

Whatever  transgiossions  the  Admiral  had  corn- 
inittod;  in  consequence  of  being  made  Viceioy  of 
the  West  Indies,— a  trying  position,  requiring  much 
experience;  of  wliich  he  never  iiad  any,— vvere 
promptly  forgiven  him  hy  the  Crown,  who  were 
obliged  in  justice  to  hear  the  comi)laints  of  her 
subjects.  He  was  granted  a  royal  coat  of  arms,  on 
which  were  engraved  the  islands  he  had  discovered. 
These  had  become  known  as  the  Columbian  archi- 
pelago.' We  do  not  know  if  the  "Camercan 
islands  "■  referred  to  the  American  islands,  appearing 


'  Codazzi. 


i  Mcrcatcr's  Map  Camorcauo  iuBulc. 


Bi)ok«n  all  over  the  world,  becuuse  it  has  been  accepted  aa  the  tongue  wliich  must  be 
used  by  all  nations,  in  their  otlicial  odinmtniieations.  When  (Jhristians  became 
powerful  ouoiigh  to  maki'  their  language  international,  they  introduced  their  re- 
ligion alHo,  and  so  did  the  Americans,  who  preachol  Amaru,  or  the  cross— to  whicli 
we  will  refer  i)rosently  -and  consequently  we  ttnd  this  faith  all  over  America.*  Ou 
Mercater's  map,  may  be  observed  the  name  of  the  Ariiaccas,  given  to  the  country  be- 
hind the  golden  castle  mountains,  on  the  coast  of  Amaraca-pana.  The  chief  god  of 
these  pe>->!)lo  isHua-Amaracou,  and  they  wore  migUbors  of  theCa-iribs,  in  whose 
houses  there  was  always  a  Maraca  or  TamarakaJ  which  was  the  name  of  their 
household  god,  and  wheii  shahmhy  the  priests,  the  great  Spirit  spoke  through  tlieni.t 
They  were  placed  ou  the  ground,  adorned  with  feathers,  and  meat  and  wine  was 
placed  before  iheiu,  which  the  people  thought  they  at.  Purchas  says  that  on  the 
c last  of  Amaraca-pana  "among  their  many  idols  and  figures  which  they  honour 
as  gods,  they  have  one  like  St.  Audrewes  crosse  which  they  thought  preserved 
them  from  night-spirits  and  they  hanged  it  on  their  uosv-borno  children."  These 
Maracas  or  Tamarahas  wore  rattles  t  no  doubt  of  the  .\maru  or  rattlesnake,  and  so 
we  fln<l  the  sacred  cross,  or  Amaru,  among  all  the  Amaracan  nations.  The  chief  god 
atHayti,  where  Columbus  resided,  was  also  Hua.Amaracon— written  Amauacon  by 
the  Spaniards. 


*See  our  unabridged  Edition, 


t  Purchas  Edn.  1017  A.  D.,  p.  1017-38. 


NAME  OF  AMERICA. 


115 


on  the  arms  of  Coliunbus,  Init  the  Spanish  Govern- 
ment prohibited  trading;  on  the  coast  of  Amamca, 


AKMORULS  OF  COLUMBUS.' 


or  ^l/»a?'aca-pana;  which  he  had  sailed  along,  before 


'  By  favor  of  Winsor'B  Narrative  and  Crit.  Hist,  of  U.  S  ,  p.  15,  Vol.  II. 


i| 

It" 


rill 


liuia 


h  (■" 


n 


Iftr' 


m^ 


no 


nrscovEKY  of  the  origin  of  the 


othois  ariived,  calling  it  the  *'  pearl  coast,"  *  having 
found  tho  fust  gold  and  pearls  there;  which  were 
sent  to  Spain  annonncing  his  discovery. 

Other  navigators  were  only  permitted — with  this 
prohihition — to  follow  the  admiral;  in  order  to  anti- 
cipate England,  who  had  sent  vessels  to  America." 

The  object  of  the  voyage  of  Ojeda;  was  to  dis- 
cover the  coast  on  both  sides  of  the  land,  supposed 
to  have  been  found  by  the  Britains,  in  order  to  limit 
their  claim.-'  But  his  nephew  traded  within  the 
reserved  discovery,  and  was  condenmed  to  lose  all  his 
proi)erty,  at  a  trial  held  at  Haiti,  which  were  restored 
to  him  ou  appealing  to  the  Crown.' 

The  dozens  of  early  maps  which  have  been  ex- 
amined, also  contain  the  statement,  that  the  new  world 
was  discovered  by  Columbus,  who  was  grateful  to 
the  Crown  for  their  protection  of  his  discoveries  and 
supposed  gold  mines,  which  we  learn  by  the  folio w- 


i 


'  :  r^ii 


'  Niiviirrete,  Vol.  I,  ji.  253. 

■-  O.JL'dii'H  apiidintinont  iis  Governor  of  C'tMiuibiicoa*  (8  June,  l.'iOl)  prcliibitnd 
his  tj-ailiiig,  "  l)C't!iniiii)K  at  I'ariu,  wlioro  tho  Monkw  aro,  tliul)ay  opposite  the  islo 
of  Marnnaritii.  ami  tlin  other  part  of  the  const,  to  tlie  small  pointed  island  in  the 
sea,  and  iill  the  land  oalUd  Citr.ttna."t  AuothiT  historiant  says,  that  "  a  tew  days 
after  ().jeila  hail  sailed,  that  (luerra  lelt,  guided  by  the  same  chart,  (a  copy  of 
('(diinibus'S)  and  airivid,  tollnwiiifj  him  to  the  lands  of  Taria  and  Maraea-pana, 
where  he  (li^re^'arded  the  prohibition  from  tradin^'  in  tho  discoveries  of  tho 
Admiral,"  called  the  coast  of  "  Maraiapana,  which  also  included  the  BUirouudiDg 
islands, "i!  notably  Margarita,  the  tlrst  visited. 

*  Navatrote,  Vol.  HI,  p.  88. 

t  This  name— probably  inti^nded  for  Curiana — which  is  shown  on  jViercator'R 
map  ad.ioining  the  supposed  district  of  Oociuivacoa.  The  third  map  of  Codaz/.i 
places  Curiana  at  the  western  end  ot  tho  Coast  of  Maraea-pana,  or  America. 

t  Oviedo,  y  Uanos,  p.  312.  g  Herrera.  il  I'iedrahita,  p.  65. 


a  Nayarreto,  Vol.  HI,  p.  80. 


•»  Navarrete,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  28. 


i^'A.UE  OF  AMKKICA. 


117 


■HK  oxtmct  fron.  l,is  last  lottor  toKh.K  Fo.dinan.l:. 
(.old  ma  tlniiK  vc,y  necessary  toy,,,,.-  Majesty,  fcr 
to  accomplisi,  a„  ancio„t  ,,rocli,;ti„„,  Jen.salen,  ougl.t 
to  ,0  relunlt  by  a  l-rince  of  the  Spanish  monarchy. 
f.ol.1  ,8  the  n„«t  excellent  ot  metals.  What  he- 
comes  of  th„so  precions  stones  which  they  fin.l  at  the 
ends  of  the  earth  ?  They  .sell  them  and  in  the  end 
they  are  converted  into  gold.  Withhold,  you  can  r,ot 
only  do  all  you  want  in  the  world,  hut  vou  can  get 

Idle  "  "■"'■'""■^ '""'  "'  '""'  "'"^  "^I'kpar- 

the  2t,th  of  May,  1500.  Later  on,  his  ren.ains  were 
removed  to  Seville,  and  in  1530,  totheislane  of  Saint 
Dom.ngo,  winch  was  ceded  to  France  in  171)3,  when 
they  were  taken  to  the  cathedral  of  Havannah, 
where  they  now  rest.  "To  Castile  and  Leon, 
Columbus  gave  a  new  world  "  was  the  in.scription 
placed  on  Ids  tomb  by  the  Spanish  governnient. 

One  cause  ot    the  various  ways  in   which  the 
anaent  name  of  America  was  written,  is,  that  the 
nat.ves-who  had  no  alphabet- wrote  pictures  ot 
then.  Ideas,  as  all  the  early  nations  did-becoming 
the  origin  of  our  alphabet,  which  is  only  an  abbre- 
viated  form  of  the  original  pictures.     When  the  na- 
tive  American  wrote  the  sacred  word  "..l«r,r„"  he 
drew  a  cross,  and  so  did  the  Aymaras  for  their  name, 
5^itlnswitlUhej<ig^^c^^ 

'  HumbokU  Relations  Historique,  Vol.  I,  p.  ci8. 


-isniciMarla^HWM  «  IS 


118 


DISCOVERY  OF  THE  ORIGIN  OF  THE 


m 


'V. 


about  which  there  could  not  be  any  error,  but,  every 
European  spelled  the  name  with  different  letters, 
which  he  supposed  to  be  more  correct  than  his  neigh- 
bor, who  was  left  to  guess  what  was  meant.  The 
native  American  could  not  make  this  mistake,  for  he 
had  no  ali)habet. 

A  few  illustrations  will  show,  how  simple  and  re- 
liable the  ancient  system  was. 

As  soon  as  the  mind  was  unable  to  remember 
everything ;  writing  was  suggested  by  necessity. 
We  do  not  know  how  long  our  ancestors  lived  on 
earth,  before  they  had  arrived  at  the  state  of  per- 
fection, that  they  knew  more  than  they  could  re- 
late within  a'given  space  of  time,  but  we  are  certain, 
that  such  a  state  of  things  existed  sooner  or  later; 
because  we  have  examples  of  the  primitive  style  of 
writing  which  was  carved  on  rocks,  or  in  caves,  or 
on  gold,  and  instead  of  writing  as  we  do,  for  ex- 
ample;— "that  a  man  went  out  to  ride,  and  that  the 
horse  kicked  and  threw  him,  on  his  way  home," 
the  primitive  nations  simply  drew  the  outlines  of  a 
horse,  with  his  hind  legs  in  a  vertical  line  with  his 
head,  while  the  rider  lay  on  the  ground,  some  dis- 
tance off  from  a  house  or  hut.  This  told  the  sad 
story. 

As  an  illustration  of  what  may  be  done,  by  this 
simple  means  of  coninnmication,  we  have  taken  the 
following;  from  the  work  of  Baron  La  Hontain,  a 
missionary  of  the  seventeenth  century  in  Canada, 


NAME  OF  AMERICA. 


no 


who  took  a  copy  of  an  account  of  a  battle  by  the 
Huron  tribe,  who  were  attacked  by  the  French, 

"The  French  (a  French  fiag)  are  ready  for  war, 
(an   axe).     Tliey  number  110   men,   (11  dots,  each 
counted  10)  and  marched  from  (a  bird  fiying)  Mon- 
treal, (a  mountain,  the  present  French  name  means 
Mount  Royal  or  Montreal,)  during  the  first  week  of 
(first  quarter  of  the  moon)  July,  (a  stagg,  as  they 
were  then  most  numerous,)  and  embarking  sailed 
(a  boat)  for  four  days,  (four  huts,  a  man  entered  his 
hut  at  the  end  of  every  day,)  and  then  marched 
(a  foot)  for  three  days  (three  huts)  until  within  the 
distance  of  (a  hand  pointing)  three  days  (three  huts) 
of  the  Iroquois,  (armorials  of  that  tribe,  each  had 
their  own.)    They  arrived  to  the  east  of  them  (the 
rising  Sun)  and  surprised  them,  {Oi  man  lying)  but 
the    Iroquois   (armorials)   killed   (a  club)  forty  (40 
heads  in  a  bow)  of  their  men.     There  was  a  vigor- 
ous resistance  (arrows  flying  towards  each  other); 
one    hundred  (10  dots)   Iroquois   (ai-morials)   were 
killed,  (heads  in  a  bow)  and  four  hundred  (40  dots) 
were    taken    ])iisoners  (heads   marked)    while  the 
others  fled,"  (arrows  flying  one  way.) 

It  may  thus  be  seen,  what  an  accurate  statement 
can  be  made  by  such  primitive  means,  and  in  this 
way,  the  early  histories  of  the  Earth  wore  remem- 
bered, until  the  invention  of  the  alphabet,  introduced 
the  present  phonetic  system.  Before  that,  all  ideas 
were  expressed  by   metaphor,   simile,   contrast  or 


ill 


i 


ifiif 


It 


m 


I  ' 


120 


DISCOVERY  01'  THE  ORIGIN  OF  THE 


likeness  of  something  similar,  and  all  new  words 
are  still  invented  in  the  same  way.  Take  the  old 
gun  or  musket, — which  is  named  from  the  hawk 
///?f.sY'a/«.s','--hecause  people  caught  the  birds  with 
it,  which  they  used  the  hawk  for,  before  its  inven- 
tion, and  even  now,  when  you  are  requested  to 
shoot,  some  one  says  "let  fly,"  as  if  the  gun  had 
the  wings  of  its  predecessor,  the  hawk,  for  whom 
the  expression  was  used. 

It  is  a  curious  fact,  that  the  American  writing  was 
much  more  reliable  than  ours;  as  they  understood 
a  written  word  by  its  sound,  and  also  by  the  pictui'e 
of  its  meaning. 

Let  us  see  results: — the  English  word  glory  was 
originally  kru.  Its  first  change  was  to  klu,  being- 
more  easily  pronounced,  and  then  for  the  same 
reason  to  glii,  and  later  to  glor,  which  became 
Latinized  as  gloria,  and  English  as  glory.  How 
difficult  and  uncertain  this  looks,  and  why  did  Kru 
mean  glory?  But  let  us  take  a  pictorial  word.  In 
Mexican,  a  doctor  is  a  man  with  the  head  of  plant. 
Here,  no  change  is  possible;  for  take  away  either  the 
man,  or  his  vegetable  head,  and  the  doctor  disap- 
pears. 

The  Americans  could  not  understand;  whv  a  word 
was  written  by  letters  which  were  not  pictures  of  its 
meaning,  and  when  the  Mexicans  were  taught  the 
Lord's  prayer  in  Latin,  they  repeated  it  for  some  time 


MOUer,  Chips  from  a  German  Workshop. 


NAME  OF  AMERICA.  ..., 

with  much  devotion,  and  eventually  began  to  write 
It,  beginning  with  the  first  words,  "pater  noster  " 
each  very  unfortunate  for  them,  as  they  have  not 
any  sound  in  their  language  to  represent  our  letter 
"R,"  which  appeared  in  each  of  these  first  words  of 
the  prayer.  Their  writing  as  we  know  is  pictorial, 
and  they  began  thus; 


PAN 


XE 


NOCH 


P  m 


A  FLAG. 


A  STONE. 


A  IIG. 


m 


4  STONE. 


Here  we  have  "  pater  noster,"  or  rather  they  have 
It,  and  to  those  who  know  the  simplicity  of  prim- 
itive writing,  it  is  easily  translated. 

The  first  sign  is  evidently  a  flag,  which  they  pro- 
nounce pan.    The  next  sign  represents  a  rock  or  stone 
and  is  -te."    Now  we  havei)«>./e,  which  was  their 
most  approximate  phonetic  to  pater.  The  third  sign- 
apparently  the  back  of  some  learned  Mexican  head- 
represents  the  native  fig,  called  notch,  and  the  fourth 
sign  we  observe  is  the  same  as  the  second  meaning 
te,  or  noch-te,  which  was  as  near  to  noster  as  they 
could  get,  so  that  in  order  to  learn  the  Latin  pro- 
mmcmtlon,  they  had  to  sketch  a  flag,  a  fig,  and  a 
stone.' 

_J^ovmiQ^hQmm}^^  ''our  Father," 

•  Kosuy.    Los  eorituies,  p.  l!i. 


m 


ml 


I 


i  *''. 


11 


\\m\ 

m 

W. 


123 


DISCOVERY  OF  THE  ORIGIN  OF  THE 


they  simply  drew  a  cross,  meaning  God,  but  of 
course  this  would  not  have  given  theni  the  Latin 
sound  which  they  wished  to  learn. 

But  long  before  the  ancients  had  such  advanced 
ideas  as  these,  they  began  by  writings  of  sim- 
plicity, and  probably — like  all  other  juvenile  (;ali- 
graphers — their  first  idea  was  to  write  their  own 
names,  or  in  other  words,  to  make  a  sketch  of 
themselves,  and  in  the  earliest  forms  of  pictorial 
writing,  we  find  the  sign  which  meant  mau,^  always 
drawn  with  outstretched  arms,  like  the  Chinese  mode 


CHILI)  IN  CHINESE. 


MDTJIKU   IN   CFUXKSE. 


EciYl'TlAN   KKIK  KOll   LIFE. 


h'  ^  ; ' 


:m 


.''it 


of  writingthe  word  child,  or  mother,  or  the  Egyptian 
sign  meaning  living,  and,  (is  man  was  tlie  image 
of  God,-  the  cross  became  the  most  sacred  sign  of 
all  the  chief  nations  of  the  ancient  \vo)ld. ' 

'  Hosny.     Lcs  ecntures,  p.  10.  '.'  Old  TeHtainent,  ch.  1.  v.  '26. 

:i  Sonic  autliors  say  tliat  the  cross  nieaut  the  four  niiarus  of  the  nlolie,  but  this 
is  an  error,  for  it  w  s  almost  invarialily  wiitten  to  represent  a  i  'an,  and  hence  the 
lour  lines  were  not  of  e<iual  lengtli.  Olher.-t  sufjgest  that  it  is  nibleinatic  of  tlio 
sun  and  adored  by  sun  worshiiipers,  but  none  ot  the  great  natio  is  were  sun  wor- 
shippers. The  Mexicans  say  that  Votan  tauglit  them  to  worship  a  Siii)reme  Deity, 
whom  lie  called  "the  God  of  all  truth."  Xlie  Veda  says:  ••That  which  is  one,  the 
wise  call  him  many,"  while  tlie  nine  E^jytian  gods  were  only  said  to  be  the  self- 
development  of  lia.  The  Greeks  said  that  .\ppollo  whs  a  divine  lieinn,  living  in 
the  sun,  while  part  of  tlie  Huron  pi-ayer  was:  "Vouchsafe  unto  us  the  light  of  the 
Buii,  which  speaks  thy  grandeur  and  power."  Outward  ceremouies  which  were 
wholly  unwarranted,  of  tenbecanie  popular.    In  liuddism,  there  is  no  authority  for 


Iv 

h 

IS  '■;' 


{■:y 


NAME  OJ^  AMERICA. 


123 


|!|l 


ST.   AMERICA. 

The  most  illustrious  national  name  of  America 
was  therefore  sacred  to  her  people,  Avritten  in  their 
l)ictorial  writing  by  a  snake  crossing  a  straight  line 
and  called  Amaru. »- the  great  Sun-which  began  to 
mean  anything  sacred  at  a  later  period,  and  when  an 
American  went  nearer  to  any  of  tlie  temples  than 
the  law  permitted,  the  police  said  "amarac"-  stop, 
don't  do  that,   for  these  were  the  temples  of  their 
King  who  was  also  the  spiritual  chief,  and  this  was 
the  name— given  to  the  southern  continent— which 
first  appeared  in  1541,  on  the  map  of  Gerard  Mer- 
cater-a  subject  of  Charles  V,— by  whom  he  was  em- 
ployed to  make  charts-and  a  pupilof  Frisuis,  whom 
he  consulted. ' 

^"^e   Frisuis  had  published  his  map  in  1525, 

"  In  Egyption  the  cross  is  Am,  an.l  the  sun  I5a.  In  Ainerica.  the  snako-whoso 
.luuenng  movements  resembled  lightning,  an.l  its  rattles  the  thun.ler-represenled 
tne  sun.    Ihjg  js  the  meaning  given  In  the  chief  mythological  works. 

2  Del  Canto,  Arte  y  vocabulario.  If  a  wonl  should  appear  to  be  unchanged  for 
centuries,  that  fact  would  be  good  proof  that  the  modern  and  old  word  was  not  the 
same.  Take  the  german  word  for  l.a.l  ,-.  e.  schlecht  which  meant  good  a  few  cen- 
turies ago.    It  went  from  good  to  innocent,  simple,  foolish,  wicket,  bad. 

^  Beeton. 


one-ha If  ot  their  ceremonials.  Chaki  Mouni-called  Buddha  or  the  Saint  in  saucrit 
-said  that  -ife  was  pain,  and  that  one  could  only  get  out  of  it  bv  leading  nine  con- 
secuiive  good  lives;  otherwise  th,.  soul  always  returned  to  inhabit  an.ither  body. 
After  the  ninth  good  life  the  soul  w.nt  into  nirvana,  /.  .  ,  ceased  to  exist  In  lira- 
ham.sm,*  the  Kig  Veda  says,  the  widow  "shall  ..ff,r  >acnM"^i  ,he  alter.  This 
was  translated  "shall  be  .sa.riflced,"  which  cost  millions  of  lives  until  the  error 
was  recently  discovered.  Some  years  ago  we  noticed  a  sign  painted  on  the  walls 
.n  various  quarters  of  Paris.  France,  "the  worship  of  the  Virgin  is  prohibited.- 
and  80  It  IS  all  the  world  over;  that  the  illiterate  often  take  the  emblem  tor  the 
original. 


*  Prof.  Max  MUller  Chips,  etc. 


124 


DISCOVERY  OF  THE  ORIGIN  OF  THE 


m 


some  of  the  Spaniards  had  married  Americans  at 
Tumhez,  to  whom  Pizarro  returned,  spending  five 
months  with  these  new  subjects  of  the  King  of 
America,  wliile  layinji,  the  plans  of  his  future  capt- 
ure. They  had  found  that  the  King  was  sacred  to 
his  people,  and  therefore  if  they  could  only  secm-e 
him — holding  out  the  prospect  of  release,  or  a  threat 
to  put  his  brother — the  rightful  heir — on  the  thron< 
in  default  of  ransom,  that  the  long  sought  for  golden 
land  might  yet  become  an  accomplished  fact.  These 
ideas  were  carried  out  and  the  results  as  we  have 
seen,  more  than  fully  realized  the  most  sanguine 
expectations. 

Mei'cator  had  the  benefit  of  this  information.' 


;  ■■»> 


THE  MOST  FAMOUS    MONARCH  OF  THAT  PERIOD 
BAPTIZES  AMERICA. 

Charles  I,  King  of  Spain,  who  was  also  Charles 
V,  Emperor  of  Germany,  was  the  high  priest  who 
gave  the  Western  hemisphere  its  name. 

King  Ferdinand — the  Prince  consort  of  Queen 
Isabella — had  died  in  1 5 1 6,  and  his  grandson — born 
at  Ghent,  in  Belgium,  ascended  the  throne  at  the 
age  of  sixteen,  and  subsequently  mariied  a  daughter 

1  He  hail  found  that  Ojeda's  Coqui-Vacoa  was  Chibehi-vaooa,— as  shown  on  uls 
map, — f  be  name  of  the  royal  race  of  Cnndiii-Amarca,  and  that  Pizarro's  brother  had 
arrived  from  Cax — Amarca,  both  of  whieh  kin^'donis  reeeived  (Spanish  names.  The 
native  name  had  ah-eady  appeared  in  lar^o  betters  on  previous  maps,  but  he  omits 
it,  and  also  the  isle  of  Tamaragua,  writing  the  name  of  America  over  the  entire 
continent. 


terj 


at 
'e 
)f 

b- 
o 
e 
t 

1 


NAME  OF  AMERICA. 

of  Emmanuel,  King  of  Portugal,  eventually  becom- 
iiiK  the  Ri-eatest  monarch  of  liis  clay. 

His  favorite  saying,  in  describing  these  vast 
dom,n,ons  was  ;  that  "the  sun  never  set  in  them  " 
The  monarch's  crest  was  two  globes;  and  two  pillars 
of  Hercules-the  former  name  of  GibraltaLap. 
peared  on  his  coins,  denoting  the  Western  limit  of 
Europe  to  which  his  sceptre  extended-with  the 
motto,  "more    beyond," ■-meaning  Ins  America,! 

Pizarro  had  despatched  his  brother  in  1533,  from 

l7tfTT  '  ''  ''"  '"'"'  ™'"'°"^  '"  sold  at  the 
tee   of  this  famous  sovereign,  which  had  caused  the 

rush  to  search  Cundin-Amaraca  in  1534,  where  the 
.0  Governor.,  Qnesada  from  Quito,  and  Balcazar 
f.om  Popayan,  met  Federmann  from  Amaraca-pana 
represen  mg  the  great  German  firm   of    Velers' 
friends  of  the  Emperor.  ' 

The  celebrated  Sebastian  Cabot  who  had  sailed 
o  America  for  England,  went  to  reside  in  Spain 
lonO),  on  the  invitation  of  the  late  King  Ferdinand  - 
tather.m-Iaw  of  Henry  VIII  of  England-vvho  had 
made  him  one  of  the  Spanish  Council  of  the  In.lies 
and  Senior  pilot  some  years  later.  It  is  h,  his  ma,', 
tnat  the  name  of  Bogota,  the  capital  of  Cundin 
Aniaraca  appears. 

The  Spaniards   had   tl,eir  principahtie.s  of  New 

'  Plus  ultr.i. 


I  .1.,, 


'■'m 


G 


Mk  »i» 


120 


DISCOVERY  OF  THE  ORIGIN  OF  THE 


Castles,  ill  tho  Western  liemisphere,  but  they  wanted 
a  general  name  to  include  all  these  possessions. 

When  tho  great  Geinian  merchants  had  reported 
to  their  Emperor,  that  Bogota  the  capital  of  the 
kingdom  of  Cundin-^l/ym/'ocrt  was  the  city  to  which 
their  agent  went  from  yl/uoraca-pana  for  treasure — 
when  it  was  known  that  Amaraca-pana  on  the  At- 
lantic was  the  nearest  port  to  the  mountains  called 
"Golden  Castles,'' and  the  name  of  the  mainland 
first  seen  by  Columbus  and  held  for  him  by  the 
Monarch's  grandfather  —  when  they  found  that 
Tama?'agua  was  the  name  of  the  mainland  or 
Aniaraca,  now  called  Maraca-iho — when  Pizarro 
told  him  of  the  imprisonment  of  Huascar  at  And- 
Amarca—ot  his  death  in  the  river  And-^1 7?mrc«— of 
the  holy  city  of  Amaracu — of  their  ancestors  the 
Aymaras  of  Aymaraca, — of  the  cross  or  Amaru, 
worn  during  the  initiation  of  the  royal  family  as 
children  of  the  sun — of  the  famous  royal  palace  of 
Amaru,  prepared  to  receive  Pizarro,  by  the  King, 
who  afterwards  filled  one  of  its  rooms  with  gold, 
three  millions  of  which  lay  at  the  monarch's  feet,  it 
was  only  a  just  tribute,  a  golden  debt  of  gratitude, 
to  erect  an  everlasting  monument,  a  gigantic  histor- 
ical statue,  always  on  the  lips  of  the  universe,  in 
honor  of  the  late  Vice-King  and  Lord  High  Admiral 
Don  Christopher  Columbus,  by  instructing  his  carto- 
grapher Gerard  Mercater,  to  write  over  the  entire 
southern  continent,  His  "plus  ultra,"  a  world  on  His 


li    r  -,~ 


NAME  OF  AMERICA.  jo^ 

crest,  the  name  of  America,  where  it  ai.peared-so 
far  as  we  know-for  the  first  time  in  tl)is  atlas  issued 
in  1541,  to  which  was  adcletl  the  remark  "  many  still 
call  it  New  India,'" 

In  1555,  the  illustrious  Monarch- -abdicating  the 
Kmgdom  in  favor  of  his  son  Philip,  and  the  Empire 
to  Ins  brother-entered  a  Spanish  monastery  where 
He  died  three  years  later. 

We  find  therefore,  the  Western  hemisphere  named 
America,  in  honor  of  Columbus,  from  the  land  he  first 
discovered  which   was  reserved   for  him,   and   the 
sacred  national  name  of  its    great   nation,    whose 
temple  of  ylm«n,-cancha  was  unsurpassed  in  riches 
by  any    in  the  world,  and  whose  roads,  the  great 
Humboldt '-'did   not  hesitate  to  designate,  as   "the 
most  beautiful  and  stupendous  works  ever  executed 
by  man."  Well  could  he  have  asserted,^  -that  only 
at  Quito,  Peru,  (the  kingdom  of   Amaraca  at   the 
time  of   the  Spanish   conquest,)  Mexico,  (claiming 
the   same  origin  as  the  Americans)   and   Cundin- 
Amaraca,  were  to  be  found  traces  of  antique  civi- 
lization." 


'  amultis  hoiJie  uoua  India  dicta  "^ 

Amoricaovertne  southern  Cout,„entb;tt  Kin,  st^^^^^^^^^  "'^'  "=^'""  '' 

=  Humboldt,  Vol.  II.  :  Humboldt.  Vol.  III.  p.  5«. 


i":Sj) 

m 

m 

m 


''A 


Wk  mk. 


M: 


128 


DISCOVERY  OF  THE  ORIGIN  OF  THE 


4 


;  .t'i 


EFFECT  OF  THE   REPORTS  OF  AMERICAN   OOLD  MIXES 

ELSEWHERE. 

Tho  intense  excitement  in  Spain,  created  by  the 
treasure  found  at  Cax-Aniaraca,  can  be  imagined 
by  tho  effect  of  the  news  elsewhere.  In  England, 
information  from  the  Si)anish  discoveries  was 
eagerly  looked  for,  and  their  books  were  translated 
as  soon  as  they  could  be  obtained.  In  the  year 
IGHJ,  a  work  appeared,  giving  the  most  minute  pai*- 
ticulars  of  American  laws  and  religions,  geneology, 
customs,  and  the  Si)anish  ca])tures,  New  Editions 
were  issued  the  yenr  following  and  in  1017.  This 
work  was  named  after  the  author,  "  Purchas,  his 
jnlgrimage,  or  Relations  of  tlie  world  and  the  re- 
ligions observed  in  all  ages  and  places  discouered 
from  tlie  creation  unto  this  present.  Printed  for 
Henrie  Featherstone,  and  are  to  be  solde  at  his 
shoppe  in  Pauls  cbarch-yard  at  the  Signe  of  the 
Rose."  Later  on  Sir  Paul  Rycaut  published  several 
volumes  in  English,  from  tiie  works  of  Garcilasso 
de  Vega,  an  American  noble  who  wrote  the  history 
of  his  country  in  Spanish..  After  strenuous  efforts 
to  obtain  permission  tt)  trade  in  Spanish  America, 
''  The  Soutii  Sea  Company  "  was  inaugurated  by  the 
Earl  of  Oxford,^  in  1711.  It  was  called  after  tho 
Pacific;  first     known    by    that     name,^    and    they 

'  Memoirs  of  Extraonliuary  xioimlar  dclaaions,  Vol.  I. 

2"  Mar  del  Ziir  "  Sur,  They  had  a  royal  cliartcr  and  a  cnst  reiirosenting  a  coruu- 
oopla,  out  of  which  money  was  falling  iulo  the  ( JIar  del  Ziu)  South  Sea. 


NA.VE  OF  AMERICA. 


Vl^ 


were   ^iv<ui   a  monopoly  of   tl.e  commerce   there 
-hiclMt  was  believed  Spain  would  permit  J>uttc; 

yeaily  to  tmde  in  the  Pacific  and  to  supply  tlie 
colomes  with  negroes  for  thirty  years,  Peop  o  we  e 

cliange    Alloy-the    brokers'    quarter-became    so 
iisiied  at  the  tnne,  informs  us  tliat :~ 

"  Tho  greatest  Indies  thither  cnme 
Anil  i)li,.(l  in  chftri(-ts  daily, 
Or  pawned  their  jow.ls  for  a  sum 
To  venture  in  the  alh  y." 

The  collapse  of  tl.is  speculatio,,  nearly  brought 
England  to  financial  rnin.     Tho  Duke  of  Wl,a  ton 
.-.nuato.,  that  tho  Ea.l  of  Stanhope  was  into  J:::!"" 
t     and    while    replying   i„   the   House    of    Lords 
he  had  a  stroke  of  apoplexy  and  expired.     The  de 
mand  for  the  stock  of  the  South  Sea  Company  led 
to  numerous  wild  undertakings,  and  eighty-six  com- 
pa„,es  were  organized,  with  1.700  millions  of  dolla,-, 
as  capital,  according  to  present  money  value     The 
wildest  ideas  prevailed,  such  as,   "  For    supplying 
London  with  sea  coal,"-" For  carrying  on  an  un 
dertaknig  of  great  advantage;  but  nobody  to  know 

lltl  •'  T^-':;  "  ''"'■  '""""^  ^'■°-  ^'^''"^  -"  -b- 
with  the  Mississippi  scheme. 


li  lit! 

m 


li'i 


i>. 


'!l  i 

(  lit 


jii^  Mi, 


-g^^;yj^fe;g>^ai»i-jg£. 


I' 


1« 


"■^^ 


I '     1 
r 


130  DISCO  VE/^Y  OF  THE  ORIGIN  OF  THE 

WHO  SAID  THAT  AMKRK;A   WAS  CALLED   Al'TKU 
AMKKKJO    VKSl'UOt'I  *. 

Amerigo  Vospufci  was  a  Floiontino — rosidiiig  at 
Sovillo,  Spain— as  tin;  agent  of  tlic  celohrated  com- 
mercial firm  of  Juanoti  Herardi  of  Italy — dnring 
the  luM'iod  when  Coluiid)Us  discovered  the  Weslerii 
hemisi»here,  and  being  anxious  to  see  it,  ho  was  per- 
mitted to  go  with  Ojeda;  who  sailed  on  the  i!Oth 
May,  14l»!),  P>eing  a  foreigner,  tiiere  was  prohahly 
some  diflieulty :  as  they  wei-e  prohibited  by  the 
government  from  going  to  the  new  discoveries'" 
U405),  and  it  is  possibly  for  this  reason,  that  Ojeda 
explains  that  he  took  him,  "  being  learned  in  navi- 
gation and  universal  geography."" 

As  we  have  seen,  Amaraca-;9(o«a— the  only  i)lace 
where  Oj(Hla  was  favorably  received  during  the 
voyage  that  Amerigo  Vespucci  was  with  him  "and 
treated  like  an  angel " ' — became  the  first  settlement 
of  the  Spaniards,"  and  was  the  name  of  that  coast. ^ 
All  these  navigators  wrote  accounts  of  their  voyages, 
but  they  were  more  at  home  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
while  Vespucci's  ship  was  his  inkstand,  and  histori- 
ans have  related  how  much  he  wrote,  possibly  en- 
deavoring to  gain  by  the  sale  of  his  books — which 
had  become  conspicuous  by  the  similarity  of  his 
name  with  that  of  the  continent — what  he  probably 


1  Navarrete. 
s  Humboldt. 


2  Hcrrera,  Vol.  I., Voyage  Ojt;la. 
4  Codazzi,  Ovieda  y  Uauos,  etc. 


M?'| 


NAME  OF  AMERICA. 


131 


supposed  had  been  l.yst  I>y  tlie  law  proliibitinj.  for. 
eigiiers  from  pu-ticipatin^^  in  voyages  to  America 
^  The  Egyptians  toM  the  (Ireeks,  that  an  innnonso 
island  named  -Atlantis"  larger  than  Asia  and 
Europe,  had  disappeared,'  and  when  Cohiml.us 
found  America,  he  recalled  this,=  A'espucci  also 
seems  to  have  referred  to  it,''  and  Sir  Thomas 
Moore,"  who  says  that  the  Western  hemisphere  was 
discovered  by  a  friend  of  Vespucci's,-probably 
Columbus-had  also  Atlantis  in  view. 

Possibly  the  act  reserving  the  new  discoveries  for 
Spaniards,  had  caused  the  Florentine  to  leave  Spain 
l»ut  he  returned  in  1505,  and  Columbus  gave  him  a 
letter  in  February  to  his  son;  of  whom  he  asked  aid 
for  h,m.'^  In  April,  he  became  a  naturalized  Spanish 
sui).iect,  and  received  authority  for  Berardi  to  dis- 
patch  ships  to  the  West  Indies.      His  letters  are 
said  to  have   been  sent  to  the  Duke  of  LorraiLe 
who   apparently  saw   in    the  name   of    Amaraca- 
pana    or    -America,"    the    evidence    of    the    new 
continent's  discovery  by  Amerigo  Vespucci,  and  the 
Duke  s  secretary,  Walter  Ludd,  wrote  a  pamphlet  of 
four  pages  (1507),  suggesting  that  the  new  world  be 
named  after  him,  as  he  h.,d  discovered  it       It  is 
hardly  possible  that  people  of  education,  would  have 
attempted  to  propose  a  name  for  territory,  in  which 


1  Solon  ap.  Plato.        2  Navarrete.       .1  Ptoleiuv  1508        .  r- 

r  XT  .  i"iciu  J ,  louM.       4  \_  topia,  I-  iiu   1  ijii 

.alv;!;Tirnoi;;S.^'"^"'-'^  ^^^•^^'-"^^  ^«  --^^^^  -ocu.  ,..  .«  envlela  carta, 


Wv 


m.  mk     ^^ 


%i 


13^ 


DISCOVERY  OF  7 HE  ORIGIN  01   THE 


■■». 

1.  I    0»! 


I'll 


i^'-r* 


they  had  not  the  shghtest  interest;  unless  they  had 
assumed  that  theii'  proposition  had  a\'eady  been 
practically  carried  out,  which  they  were  led  to  sup- 
pose from  the  similarity  of  name.  In  1508,  Vespucci 
became  a  Senior  Spanish  pilot,  and  three  years  later, 
the  government  prohibited  the  sale  of  maps  to  for- 
eigners. Las  C'asas — who  w^rote  a  history  in  1527, — 
informs  us  that  ho  was  said  to  have  written  the 
name  of  America  on  the  map,  which, — as  we  have 
seen — was  perfectly  correct.  It  was  Spain  therefore, 
who  adopted  the  native  name  of  her  new  coast  of 
Amaraca-pana  or  "America,''  and  Charles  V,  gave 
it  to  his  new  world;  while  outsiders — from  whom  all 
information  had  been  prohibited — are  the  only 
people  to  whom  historians  can  refer,  in  justification 
of  their  assertion  that  Vespucci  named  America. 

It  is  a  curious  coincidence,  that  the  names  of  the 
two  countries— America  and  China — guarding  the 
Pacific  ocean,  have  appeared  in  history  for  centuries, 
before  the  men  lived,  who  are  said  to  have  named 
them.  The  celestial  kingdom  is  said  to  have  been 
called  after  the  royal  family  of  Tsin'  (200  b.  c.) 
which  Roman  historians  have  taught  us  to  pro- 
nounce China,  and— as  if  by  way  of  adding  insult 
to  injury — they  have  created  much  confusion,  by 
calling  their  greatest  philosopher,  Confucius,  which 


1  Wo  may  observe  en  pasHant,  that  "  Siu  "  means  God  iu  Japanese,  and  heart  in 
Chinese,  but  of  coia'se  pboneticH  will  not  explain  its  nicanini,;  unless  agr(>eiun 
with  the  morphological  construction  of  the  sign.  All  I'arly  nations  considered 
their  lands  holy,  and  the  heart  or  center  of  the  earth. 


f 


'»*■'-  '*■    ..:,»jMi» 


.y.hVF.  OF  .IMERICA. 

doe.  not   look   much    like  his  name  r-Kung-tze 
"-eanmg  the  master.    A  l.isto.-ian  of  the  ^mZ 
ngesvvho.hd„ot  make  mistakes,   was  a  most  .m 

Ame..BO  Vespucc,  must  have  named  A„,araoa  or 

t^th^Tn  •"  ^°"^'^'1"°»'=«  »'  'ho  si„,ilarity  of  nan>e; 
a     tl^at  tl„s  was  pos.tive  evidence  of  its  discovery  by 
'"' ,  they  began  to  correct  wl,at  they  supposed  to 
«  the  errors  of  their  conten,poraries.  tl  e  flrs    of 
-Inch  see„,ed  to  be  a  serious  l,hn,der:  for  it  gave  to 
Colnn,  us;  the  honor  of  the  discovery  of  the  Western 
1  om,sphere,   and  concluding  that  two  voyages  o 
^  espucc,  had  been  n,ade  into  one,  they  divided  «,e„, 
M  vmg  to  one  the  date  of  ,403,    and  to  the  othe 
149.,  bemga  year  before  Columbus.'    Europe  was 
anx,ous  y  looking  for  news  of  the  fan,ou     land 
vhere   he  gold  grew,  and  Ludd's  pan,phlet  wa! 
Jlemand,  and  copied  everywhere  for  publication.  This 
.ttlesheet  spoke  of  four  voyages  „,a,le  by  Vespucci'- 
wo  from  Spain,  and  two  from  Portugal,  which  w'as  re-' 
ferred  ton,  England,  at  a  later  period,  as  "Those  four 
voyages  that  be  nowe  in  printe  and  abrode  in  every 
manneshandes."^     ,Sp.:n  did  not  notice  those  re 
po.ts  about  ner  new  ,,ossessions,  having  refused  to 
give  foreigners  any  information. 

-\othing  however  proves  more  conclusively  that 
tl>e>mstal«rfL„ddwa^ discovered  and  corrected- 


if 


illll 


I 


'  Humljoiat  Kxain.n  Critique. 


2  Sir  Thos.  Moore  Utopia  Ed.  IS,",!. 


I*? 

11 

m 


1: 


''IB 


1: 


r 


■  a 


'Vl 


134 


DISCOVERY  OF  THE  ORIGIN  OF  THE 


than  the  map  publishod  in  1512 — by  the  same  people: 
who  issued  the  pamphlet  referred  to — in  wliich  it 
is  specially  stated,  that  the  Western  hemisphere  was 
found  by  Columbus. 

This  ought  to  have  been  satisfactory;  but  it  was 
not  so  to  the  compatriots  of  Vespucci — who  wrote 
book  after  book  on  the  nautical  deeds  of  our 
"Amerigo"  as  they  called  him,  and  over  the  gate  of 
a  college  in  Florence,  which  one  of  his  ancestors  had 
endowed  in  the  thirteenth  century,  there  is  an  in- 
scription, stating  that  Amerigo  Vespucci;  the  dis- 
coverer of  America,  had  once  lived  there.' 

If  the  early  writers  on  this  subject  had  only  in- 
quired whether  Vespucci  had  named  America,  they 
would  have  been  saved  the  trouble  of  ]H'Oving  that 
he  did  not  discover  it.  Viscount  Santarem,  had 
over  hundred  thousand  documents  examined  in  the 
royal  archives  of  Portugal,  relating  to  voyages 
of  discovery ;  (1495-1503)  none  of  which  mention 
his  name,  while  Mufioz  found  among  the  records 
of  money  p;ud  for  preparing  western  expeditions 
in  Spain,  that  from  April  1497,  to  May  1498 
— the  period  when  the  supposed  expedition  before 
Columbus  is  alleged  to  have  taken  place— he  was 
engaged  in  equipping  the  fleet  for  the  Admiral's 
third  voyage.  (;)jeda,  with  whom  he  first  sailed,  has 
sworn  as  witness  in  a  law  suit,  that  he  himself 
arrived  on  the  continent  after  Columbus;-  while  a 


>  Humboldt. 


-  Humboldt  Navarreto,  vol.  Ill,  Coleccion. 


'»^im. 


^^'AME  OF  AMERICA.  ,„. 

loo 

states  that  "his  first  voyage  M-as  made"  by  Roya 

It  was  customary  tor  liistorians  of  that  age  to 
correct  supposed  errors,  in  a  very  sun.mary  way;  of 
which  there  are  many  instances. 

Some   mediaeval  cartographers,  saw  the  Arabic 
name  of  Dn,a  Mograbin  on  a  map,  and  concluding 
that  one  word  was  enough  for  a  small  isle;  they  cut 
an  unfortunate  little  island  in  two  by  a  stroke  of 
the  pen;  but  navigators  continued  to  sail  over  one 
of  them,  until  it  disappeared  without  explanation 
from  the  map-thc  only  place  it  bad  ever  existed- 
and  the  name  Dina  Mograbin  or  Western  Isle  was 
duly  restored  to  the  rightful  owner.  •  While  another 
geographer,  seeing  that  Bermuda  was  called  Smn- 
mers  ,sle-after  a  navigator   of  that  name,  who 
thought  that  he  had  discovered  it-and  ruminating 
over  the  long  tropical  summers;  wrote  it  "Isle  of 
tl>e  Summer,"  and  still  anotber-seeingtbe  name  of 
Eun .  m  1  nndad-ooncbuled  that  an  Irish  family  had 
hved   there.    And  so  it  is.  that  similarity  of  name 
is  constantly  leading  to  mistake. 

It  is  not  for  „s  to  unravel  the  mediicval  attempts 
to  explam  the  cause-which  never  existed-o£  Ves 
puccis  having  named  this  Continent.     Ho  died  in 


»..:^r:2;^;^;;:;:,;i;:s,;:-r:f;;^^::-'-»«^^«... 


"J  Jiff 


Mr    ■■■ 


13G 


DISCOVERY  OF  THE  ORIGIN  OE  THE 


I  \  ii 


.A\ 


1512.  The  Spaniards  contiiiued  their  conquests;  and 
finding  that  America  was  the  national  name  of  the 
Southern  Continent,  tlie  Government  adopted  it. 
No  explanation  was  given — as  far  as  we  know — few 
people  knew  it;  hut  the  Italians  continued  to  point 
to  their  great  compatriot,  which  induced  a  host  of 
biographers  to  stick  their  pens  into  his  reputation, 
and  :^lso  their  ink,  in  an  endeavour  to  prove  a 
similarity  of  color.  Others  lik(?  Humboldt,  have  de- 
fended him — pleading  a  historical  mistake,  while 
some  have  questioned  his  name^  of  Amerigo— of 
which  thei'o  is  positive  evidence — because  it  was 
written  as  usual  in  that  age  in  many  different  ways. 
Columbus  Wcis  the  pioneer  who  introduced  the 
AVcstern  hemisphere  to  the  mediaeval  world  in  1498, 
but  England  ap[)arently,  put  in  a  previous  claim-  by 
Cabot's  discovery  on  the  21:  June  1407.  Then 
comes  the  pamphlet  from  Germany,  giving  Ves- 
pucci's departure  on  the  10th  of  May  1407,  on  be- 
half of  the  King  of  Spain — which  sends  Cabot's 
claip^  '  ligher  than  a  kite,  but  now  comes  a  copy  of 
his  ma])  found  at  Oxford — another  in  Germany,  and 
another  at  Paris,  with  the  date  of  his  discovery  as 
5  A.  M.  24th  June  1404 — which  completely  dislocates 
Vespucci — while  each  nation  claims  him  as  a  sub- 
ject. Eden  says  "  Sebastian  Cabotte  tould  me  that 
ho  was  borne  in  Bristowe,  and  that  at  four  yeare 
olde,  he  was  carried  with  his  father  to  Venice,"  but 


'  See  Nation  p.  Hlfi,  18R». 


I  Ptolemy  1508. 


•    I 


:-M^j.6MV 


NAME  OF  AMERICA. 


137 


the  diary  of  the  Venetian  Ambassador  states,  that 
he  was  bom  in  Venice,  and  bred  in  England 

King  Ferdinand  invited  him  to  Spain,  and  he  com- 
manded an  expedition  to  the  Kiver  Rate,  (1527)  re 
maimng  there  several  years  befc.-  returning,  but 
i^ngland  issued  a  warrant  (9  Oct.  1557)  "for  the 
transporting  of  one  Shabot,  a  pilot,  to  come  out  of 
Hispani,  to  serve  and  inhabit  in  England  "  where  he 
arrived  next  year-receiving  a  large  pension. 

Charles  V,  applied  unsuccessfully  for  his  return 
1550)  and  three  years  later,  sent  an  urgent  demand,' 
but  Cabot  refused  to  go.  He  obtained  the  grant 
from  Henry  VH  (5  Mch.  1496),  to  find  a  north  west 
passage  to  China  and  Japan,-the  dream  of  his  life 
-probably  also  inspired  by  the  stories  of  his  famous 
compatriot,  Marco  Polo,  and  it  was  on  this,  that  he 
made  the  voyages  referred  to. 

It  is  very  probable,  that  Spain  was  willing  to  allow 
foreigners-who    had   no  interest  in  her  new  dis- 
coveries-to  retain  the  popular  belief,  that  Vespucci 
had  named  America.     England  had  claimed  part  of 
theA^estern  hemisphere  on  Cabots' discovery,' who 
called  the  land  Baccalos,  which  Mercater-the  carto- 
gTapher  of  the  King  of  Spain-puts  just  outside  of 
America.      These    were    the    days    of    ambiguous 
language      Pizarro  told  the  King  that  he  came  to 
fight  for  him-he  meant  for  the  possession  of  him- 
^!^^^J^i!tonan^s^-_thaUhe^^  ^^^^^^ 

'  Navarrete  Colecciou.  Vol.  HI.  p.  86.  ^'mi^^^m^,         ~ 


m  ^ 

'i     1 


H^ii'^ 


138 


DISCOVERY  OF  THE  ORIGIN  OF  THE 


opportunity  to  roturn  the  compliment — pressed  him 
urgently  to  wear  a  pair  of  gold  slippers,  so  that  his 
soldiers  might  he  able  to  recognize  him.  Kaleigh 
told  the  Guianians  that  the  Queen  sent  him  to  fight 
for  them,  against  the  Spaniards.  The  mediaeval 
conscience  was  elastic. 

It  is  extraordinary,  that  it  could  have  been  be- 
lieved so  long,  that  a  Senior  pilot,  a  foreigner,  in  the 
employment  of  a  government  who  prohibited  out- 
siders from  sailing  to  the  New  World,  or  even  ob- 
taining maps  of  it,  would  have  been  permitted  to 
give  his  name  to  America,  remaining  in  the  employ- 
ment of  Spain,  and  on  friendly  terms  with  Columbus, 
and  when  we  know,  that  the  only  evidence  that  the 
Western  hemisphere  was  named  after  him,  is  the 
withdrawn  suggestion  of  a  pamphlet  of  four  pages, 
it  is  still  more  remarkable,  specially  when  we  con- 
sider, that  ideas  of  that  age,  were  so  often  printed 
without  the  slightest  reason,  like  the  work  of  Goro- 
pius  Becanus,  who  attempted  to  prove,  that  the  three 
first  languages  used  in  the  Garden  of  Eden,  by  Eve, 
Satan,  and  God,  were  Persian,  French,  and  Swedish. 
Whatever  may  have  been  the  mistakes  of  that  dark 
age,  there  was  no  mistake  about  the  fact,  that  it  was 
Charles  V — one  of  the  most  famous  monarchs  of 
the  world — who  gave  his  Western  hemisphere,  one 
of  the  most  illustrious  names  of  antiquity,  and  in- 
stead of  bearing  a  name  unfairly  alleged  to  have 
been  given  by  error  and  deception,   it  is  known  by 


!i'i«^;. 


i:-i 


WW  ! 

Pun'- 

in'  *'**• 


•MxAJo*-: 


■■v4iAm',- 


NAME  OF  AMERICA. 


130 


one  of  the   most  fa.nous,  the  most   sacred  in  the 
oWest  continent,  not  a  dishonorable  name,  but  rhat 
ot  Its  chjef  nation,  an  empire,   second  to  none  in 
antique  civiMzation,  originating  hke  that  of  Africa 
the  first  place  known  to  the  Komans,  which  was 
afterwards  given  to  the  continent.     So  Amaraca,  or 
America,  was  the  first  known  name  of  this  hemis- 
phere to  her  Spanish  discoverers,  and  the  only  one 
among  those  of  the  four  quarters  of  the  globe    of 
which  the  history  and  origin  has  been  i»reserved,'  so 
tar  as  it  is  known  at  present. 

One  of  tlie  greatest  successes  of  meiliaoval  clays 
was    Its    geographical    errors,    but,    tlie    Amerigo 
^es,,uccl  faWe,  was   a   highly  respectable  myth  In 
comparison  to  others;  sucli  as  William  of  Gloucester's 
history,  referring  to  the  monastery  of  St.  Michael's 
Mount  u,  Conucall.  which  he  recorded  as  six  miles 
inland,  and  scientists,  linding  it  at  the  water's  edge 
used    lis  as  proof,  that  the  earth's  a.xis  was  changing' 
H  hen  tlie  monks  of  the  abbey  of  Mont  St.  Michel 
m  France,  went  over  to  England,  with  William  the 
Conqueror,  they  brought  their  books  describing  the 
French  monastery,  one  of  which,  the  good  William 
happened  to  read,  and  thinking  that  it  referred  to 
Saint  Michael's  Mount  in  Cornwall,  inve„t«l  what 
gave    philosophers   some    serious    thought,  before 
making  the  discovery.'  and  then  again,  who  would 
]!li?]^'lto_con™Ke^^^  j^^_ 

'  See  Miiller  Chips,  etc. 


m 


-,  I 


140 


T//E  NAME  OF  AMERICA. 


ters  were  addressed  to  Xew  York,  near  Newijort, 
R.  I.,  if  our  good  forefathers  liad  not  kept  the 
envelopes  to  show  us.  And  so  it  is,  that  truth  always 
shines  and  fiction  disappears  in  the  light. 


ii    > 

t    1 


i3NriDE:2c. 


Cause  of  the  discovery  of  America ^^'"^' 

Portugal  seekH  a  pnsHft-e  to  ludiii...          ^ 

Exciteiueut  in  Spain,  and  arrival  of  Colund'.us !? 

Columbus  sails  to  find  Japan,  where  «oI.l  and  peads  gr^w;; 21 

Columbus  lands  in  the  Western  hemisphere                               ,, 

En.hsh  ships  seek  the  isle  where  K-.ld  and  pearls  grew Z 

8pam   prohibits   foreigners  from  landin.   :n  the  We:;eni  h^ni^ 
sphere 

Columbus  finds  a  Continent. . .         ^^ 

Aieda.  with  Amerigo  Vespucei  "as  'passei;.'  land^"  'nt ' Aml^a^a:     '^ 
pana 

Sir  Walter  lialeigh  finds' the  vali:,- "of  Amenoa;pana: 50 

Amaraca.pana,  the  first  settlement  on  the  Continent. Jl 

Con.nest  of  the  Kingdom  of  Amaraea  and  twenty  milUcins:  Z" 
Amaracan  or  American  nath.nal  history 

Splendor  of  the  Kings  of  Amaraea  or  America Z 

St.   America    or    Hua-Am.raca,    the  foundation    and  "histori;;;  " 

Capitol  of  aboriginal  America  ^ 

Charles:  King  of   Spain   and  Empero; "  of'  Ge;m;ny: '  bapM.es    "' 
America 

Treasure  found  in  America  crea^J^^iid'ex^i^ement'in  Eimnie  ' " '  r^ 
ho  said  that  America  was  named  after  Amerigo  Vespucci  ?...'/. '.   130 


'    ii'^E 


1, 


•i  ft  • 


I' s 


I.  '    I 


.  li ," 


,  IHSCOVKRY  OF  THE  ORIGIN  01 


DlSCOVIiRY  OF  Tllli  ORIGIN  OF  TIIF  NAME  OF  AMERICA 

f  Copyright  1888.) 


Map  showing  the  Reograiihical  ideas  of   the  fifteenth  century,  and  the  position  of   the  cities  and   Kingdoms 
of  Amaraca  or  America. 


